China DOS Union

I assume everyone has used the backup software GHOST, right? Who can teach me in detail how to make backups and restore them?

First boot from a floppy disk, then at DOS type GHOST to enter Ghost's GUI screen. On the menu choose Local-->Partition (this is for backing up a partition; if you want to back up the entire hard disk, choose Disk)-->TO Image, select the partition you want to back up, choose where you want to place the backup file, then choose whether to compress it, and the backup will start.

What about restoring? Could you explain that in detail too?

This is pretty troublesome to explain. There is a Ghost Chinese companion guide on the Internet, go search for it.

Detailed Explanation of How to Use Ghost Software
Detailed explanation of how to use Ghost software. You no longer need to worry about data loss caused by mistaken operations.
Detailed explanation of using Ghost for system backup
System backup
　　When using Ghost for system backup, there are two methods: whole hard disk (Disk) and partition hard disk (Partition). In the menu, click the Local item, and in the menu that pops up on the right there are 3 subitems. Disk means backing up the entire hard disk (that is, cloning), Partition means backing up a single partition of the hard disk, and Check means checking the hard disk or backup files to see whether backup or restoration might fail due to partition damage, hard disk damage, and so on. Partition backup has practical value for personal users for preserving system data, especially when restoring and copying system partitions.
　　Choose the Local→Partition→To Image menu, and a hard disk selection window will pop up to begin the partition backup operation. Click the white hard disk information bar in that window, select the hard disk, enter the window, and select the partition to operate on (if there is no mouse, you can use the keyboard: TAB to switch, Enter to confirm, arrow keys to select). In the popup window, choose the directory path for storing the backup and enter the backup file name. Note that the backup file name has the GHO extension. Next, the program will ask whether to compress the backup data, and it gives 3 choices: No means no compression, Fast means a low compression ratio but faster backup execution, and High means a high compression ratio but quite slow backup execution. Finally, choose the Yes button and the partition hard disk backup will begin. Ghost backup is quite fast and can be completed without much waiting, and the backup file is stored in the specified directory with the GHO extension.
System cloning
　　Hard disk cloning means backing up and restoring the entire hard disk. Choose the menu Local→Disk→To Disk, select the source hard disk (the first hard disk) in the popup window, and then select the target hard disk to copy to (the second hard disk). Note that you can set the size of each partition on the target hard disk; Ghost can automatically partition and format the target hard disk according to the specified partition values. Select Yes to begin execution.
　　Ghost can copy the target hard disk to be almost exactly the same as the source hard disk, and complete partitioning, formatting, copying the system and files in one step. Just note that the target hard disk cannot be too small; it must be able to hold the data contents of the source hard disk.
　　Ghost also provides a hard disk backup function, which is to back up the data of the entire hard disk into one file stored on the hard disk (menu Local→Disk→To Image), and then it can be restored at any time to another hard disk or the original hard disk, which is very convenient for installing multiple systems. The usage method is similar to partition backup.
System restore
　　If the backed-up partition data on the hard disk is damaged and cannot be repaired by ordinary data repair methods, or if the system is damaged and cannot boot, you can use the backup data to perform a complete restoration without reinstalling programs or the system. Of course, you can also restore the backup to another hard disk.
　　To restore a backed-up partition, choose the menu Local→Partition→From Image in the interface, select the backup file to restore in the popup window, then select the hard disk and partition to restore to, and click the Yes button.
Software features
Storage media
　　The storage media Ghost supports goes beyond our imagination. It supports peer-to-peer LPT interfaces, peer-to-peer USB interfaces, peer-to-peer TCP/IP interfaces, SCSI tape drives, portable devices (JAZ, ZIP, MO, etc.), CD writers (CDR, CDRW), and so on. And these features do not require any extra drivers or software at all; only one floppy disk is enough! Especially its support for CD writers—nowadays writers and blank discs are both very cheap, making them very suitable for backup use.
Compatibility
　　Ghost has good support for existing operating systems, including FAT16, FAT32, NTFS, HPFS, UNIX, NOVELL, and other file storage formats. Different from previous versions, Ghost 2001 added support for Linux EX2 (FIFO file storage format), which means Linux users can also use Ghost to back up their systems.
Bundled software support
　　Ghost Browser: In earlier Ghost versions, we could only do simple backup, copying, and restoration of the system. To restore a single file or folder we had to use the separate GhostEXP software. Now Symantec has integrated Ghost Browser into the software. Ghost Browser uses an interface similar to Explorer, through which we can conveniently and quickly find the files and folders we want in a backup package and restore them.
Gdisk: Gdisk is a newly added utility that completely replaces FDisk and format:
* Quick formatting.
* The ability to hide and show partitions. This function allows more than one primary DOS partition, and each partition can have a different version of the operating system. The ability to hide partitions makes the computer accustomed to booting to the selected bootable partition, ignoring installations of the same operating system in other hidden partitions.
* Comprehensive partition reports.
* Highly secure disk wiping. It provides disk wiping options that meet U.S. Department of Defense standards and even higher security standards.
Unlike FDisk, which uses an interactive menu, GDisk is driven by the command line. This provides the ability to configure disk partitions more quickly and define GDisk operations in batch files. But at the same time, dozens of parameters will give ordinary users a headache, so I do not recommend general users use it. Symantec should also release a corresponding GUI console to make it more convenient for users. For specific parameter explanations, you can use the command line gdisk/? to learn more.
Live Update
　　Live Update is a general upgrade program for Symantec software. It can check the Symantec software currently installed in the system and upgrade the software online through the Internet.
When Ghost 2001 was installed, the installer automatically upgraded the version of the Live Update program.

Detailed Explanation of How to Use Ghost Software
Continuing this reply, the advanced Ghost section
Additional command-line parameters: (for Ghost unattended backup/restore/copy only)
　　Actually, Ghost 2001's functions are far more than what is shown in its main program. Ghost can add numerous parameters in its startup command line to achieve more functions. Command-line parameters are rather complicated to use, but we can make batch files so as to do it “once and for all” (similar to unattended installation of Windows 98 and Windows 2000). Now let's understand some commonly used parameters (for even more detailed parameter introductions, check Ghost's help file).
1.-rb
Automatically reboot when this Ghost operation ends and exits. This way, when copying a system, you can leave without worry.
2.-fx
When this Ghost operation ends and exits, automatically return to the DOS prompt.
3.-sure
Reply “Yes” to all confirmation prompts or warnings. This parameter is somewhat dangerous and is recommended only for advanced users.
4.-fro
If bad clusters are found in the source partition, skip the prompt and force the copy. This parameter can be used to try to rescue data from bad sectors on the hard disk.
5.@filename
Specify a txt file in filename. The txt file contains Ghost's additional parameters, so this avoids the DOS command-line limit of 150 characters.
6.-f32
Convert the source FAT16 partition to FAT32 after copying (provided the target partition is not smaller than 2G). Windows NT 4 and Windows95/97 users should use this with caution.
7.-bootcd
When backing up files directly to a CD, this option can make the CD bootable. This process requires inserting a boot disk.
8.-fatlimit
Limit NT's FAT16 partition to 2G. This parameter is very useful when copying a Windows NT partition and not wanting to use FAT16 with 64k/clusters.
9.-span
Split-volume parameter. When space is insufficient, it prompts copying to another backup package in another partition.
10.-auto
During split-volume copying, continue automatically by assigning a file name without prompting.
11.-crcignore
Ignore CRC ERROR in the backup package. Do not use this parameter unless you need to rescue data from a backup package, to avoid data errors.
12.-ia
Full image. Ghost will back up all partitions on the hard disk one by one.
13.-ial
Full image, similar to the -ia parameter, backing up Linux partitions one by one.
14.-id
Full image. Similar to the -ia parameter, but includes the partition's boot information.
15.-quiet
Disable status updates and user intervention during the operation.
16.-script
Can execute multiple Ghost command lines. The command lines are stored in the specified file.
17.-span
Enable image file spanning.
18.-split=x
　　Split the backup package into multiple volumes, each volume being x MB in size. This function is very practical for copying large backup packages to removable storage devices, for example copying a 1.9G backup package to 3 recordable discs.
19.-z
　　Compress when saving the contents of a disk or partition to an image file. -z or -z1 means low compression ratio (fast); -z2 means high compression ratio (medium speed); -z3 to -z9 increase the compression ratio in turn (and reduce the speed in turn).
20.-clone
　　This is the core parameter for Ghost unattended backup/restore. The usage syntax is:
-clone,MODE=(operation),SRC=(source),DST=(destination),
This parameter line is relatively complicated, and there must be no spaces between the parameters. 　　Here, operation means the operation type, and the possible values are: copy: disk to disk; load: file to disk; dump: disk to file; pcopy: partition to partition; pload: file to partition; pdump: partition to file.
　　Source means the operation source. The value can be: drive number, starting from 1; or a file name, which must be written with an absolute path.
Destination means the destination location. The value can be: drive number, starting from 1; or a file name, which must be written with an absolute path; @CDx, CD writer, where x indicates the writer's drive number, starting from 1.

Detailed Explanation of How to Use Ghost Software
Examples below
Command-line parameter: ghostpe.exe -clone,mode=copy,src=1,dst=2
Completed operation: copy local disk 1 to local disk 2.
Command-line parameter: ghostpe.exe -clone,mode=pcopy,src=1:2,dst=2:1
Completed operation: copy the second partition on local disk 1 to the first partition on local disk 2.
Command-line parameter: ghostpe.exe-clone,mode=load,src=g:\3prtdisk.gho,dst=1,sze1=450M,sze2=1599M,sze3=2047M
Completed operation: load disk 1 from the image file, and adjust the first partition size to 450MB, the second to 1599MB, and the third to 2047MB.
Command-line parameter: ghostpe.exe -clone,mode=pdump,src2:1:4:6,dst=d:\prt246.gho
Completed operation: create an image file containing only the selected partitions. Select partitions 1, 4, and 6 from disk 2.
After understanding these parameters, we can easily achieve Ghost unattended backup/copy/restore. Go make a cup of coffee.
Some examples
ghost.exe -clone,mode=copy,src=1,dst=2 -sure
Hard disk to hard disk copy
ghost.exe -clone,mode=pcopy,src=1:2,dst=2:1 -sure
Copy the second partition of hard disk 1 to the first partition of hard disk 2
ghost.exe -clone,mode=pdump,src=1:2,dst=g:\bac.gho
Make the second partition of hard disk 1 into an image file and place it in drive G
ghost.exe -clone,mode=pload,src=g:\bac.gho:2,dst=1:2
From an image file containing two partitions, restore the second partition to the second partition of the hard disk
ghost.exe -clone,mode=pload,src=g:\bac.gho,dst=1:1 -fx -sure -rb
Use the bac.gho file on drive G to restore drive C. After completion, no information is displayed and it boots directly.
ghost.exe -clone,mode=load,src=g:\bac.gho,dst=2,SZE1=60P,SZE2=40P
Restore the image file to the second hard disk, and change the partition size ratio to 60:40
Restore disk
First make a boot disk containing Config.sys,Autoexec.bat,Command.com,Io.sys,Ghost.exe files (this can be done with Windows' program for making boot disks).
Autoexec.bat can contain the following command:
Ghost.exe -clone,mode=pload,src=d:\bac.gho,dst=1:1 -fx -sure -rb
Use the file on drive D for automatic restoration; when finished, automatically exit Ghost and reboot.
Automatically back up drive C at startup and generate the backup file bac.gho in drive D.
ghost.exe -clone,mode=pdump,src=1:1,dst=d:\bac.gho -fx -sure -rb
Restore CD
Included files: Config.sys,Autoexec.bat,Mscdex.exe(CDROM execution program),Oakcdrom.sys(ATAPI CDROM compatible driver),Ghost.exe
Contents of Config.sys:
DEVICE=OAKCDROM.SYS /D:IDECD001
Contents of Autoexec.bat:
MSCDEX.EXE /D:IDECE001 /L:Z
Ghost -clone,mode=load,src=z:\bac.gho,dst=1:1 -sure -rb
You can modify the examples according to the specific explanation below
-clone must be added as a parameter when used, and at the same time it is also one of the most practical among all switch{batch switch}. Below are the parameters defined by clone
-clone,
mode={copy|load|dump|pcopy|pload|pdump},
src={drive|file|driveartition},
dst={drive|file|driveartition}
mode specifies which command provided by clone is to be used
copy hard disk to hard disk copy (disk to disk copy)
load restore file to hard disk (file to disk load)

dump make hard disk into an image file (disk to file dump)

pcopy partition to partition copy (partition to partition copy)

pload restore file to partition (file to partition load)

pdump back up partition as an image file（partition to file dump)

src specifies the location mode of the source partition used when Ghost runs and its meaning:
mode command Corresponding src parameter used by the mode command Example
COPY/DUMP
Source hard disk number.
1 represents the first hard disk

LOAD image file name
g:/back98/setup98.gho or device name (drive）

PCOPY/PDUMP
Source partition number.
1:2 represents the second partition of hard disk 1

PLOAD partition image file name plus partition number, or drive name plus partition number.
g:\back98\setup98.gho:2 represents the second partition in the image file

dst the destination location mode used when Ghost runs and its meaning:
mode command Corresponding dst parameter used by the mode command Example
COPY/DUMP destination hard disk number.
2 represents the second hard disk

LOAD hard disk image file name.
Example g:\back98\setup98.gho

PCOPY/PLOAD destination partition number.
2:2 represents the second partition of hard disk 2

PDUMP partition image file name plus partition number.
g:\back98\setup98.gho:2

SZEn specifies the size of the destination partition to be used
n=xxxxM specifies that the size of destination partition n is xxxxMB SZE2=800M means partition 2 is 800MB
n=mmP specifies that destination partition n is mm percent of the entire hard disk.
Other parameters
-fxo When bad blocks appear in the source object, force the copy to continue
-fx When ghost finishes working on the new system, do not display "press ctrl-alt-del to reboot" and return directly to DOS

-ia Completely perform sector-to-sector copying. When copying a partition from an image file or from another hard disk as the source, Ghost first checks the source partition, then decides whether to copy the file and directory structure or to do image copying (sector-to-sector). This is the default form. But sometimes certain locations on the hard disk may contain some hidden files related to system security. Only sector-to-sector copying can copy them correctly
-pwd and -pwd=x Encrypt the image file

-rb Reboot the system after restore or copy is completed

-sure can be used together with clone. Ghost will not display the prompt "proceed with disk clone-destination drive will be overwritten?"

Notes
1.When backing up the system, it is best that a single backup file not exceed 2GB.
2.Before backing up the system, it is best to delete some useless files to reduce the size of the Ghost file. Usually useless files include: Windows temporary folders, IE temporary folders, and the Windows swap file. These files usually take up more than 100 MB of hard disk space.
3.Before backing up the system, defragment the target disk and source disk to speed up the backup.
4.Before backing up the system and before restoring the system, it is best to check the target disk and source disk and correct disk errors.
5.When restoring the system, it is best to first check whether the target disk to be restored still has important files that have not been moved. Don't wait until the hard disk information has been overwritten before regretting it.
6.When choosing the compression ratio, it is recommended not to choose the highest compression ratio, because the highest compression ratio takes a lot of time, while the improvement in compression ratio is not obvious.
7.After newly installing software and hardware, it is best to remake the image file, otherwise some inexplicable errors may appear after restoration.

Detailed Explanation of How to Use Ghost Software
Ghostpe.exe menu option introduction
　　Norton Ghost's help file requires Ghostpe.exe to run under pure DOS. Actually, it can also run in WINDOWS MS-DOS, and it can likewise back up and restore the system.
　　Boot into DOS and type the directory path name where Ghostpe.exe is located, for example: E:\Ghostpe.exe and press Enter, then the program starts running. The first thing that appears is the Ghost version introduction window; after pressing Enter you enter the main interface. The menu options are:
　　(1) “Local”

　　1、Disk

　　(1) To Disk (hard disk to hard disk copy)
　　(2) To Image (back up hard disk contents as an image)
　　(3) From Image (restore from an image file to a hard disk)

　　2、Partition

　　(1) To Partition (partition to partition copy)
　　(2) To Image (back up partition contents as an image)
　　(3) From Image (restore from an image file to a partition)

　　3、Check(check)

　　(1) Image File (image file)
　　(2) Disk (hard disk)

　　(2) Option (settings item; in general the default value is fine)

　　(3) Quit (exit)

Thanks for the expert guidance. Thank you!

Hehe... helping others is the source of happiness....

After searching high and low, I finally found it. Thanks!