延安时期，中共的抗战经费从何而来？
http://www.sohu.com/a/240897779_557768?_f=index_historynews_3
在艰苦卓绝、全民奋起的抗日战争中，中日两国较量的不仅仅是军事，而是包括经济在内的综合实力。面对经济实力强大、蓄谋已久的日本侵略者，面对艰苦异常的抗战环境，中共是如何坚持下来并取得最后胜利的呢？在抗战经费问题上，从依赖外援到生产自救，中共在领导全民族抗战的过程中，自身也走过了一条从发展到壮大的路。
1935年9月，毛泽东率领的中央红军到达甘肃陇南市宕昌县西北部的哈达铺镇。在这里，无意中发现的一张过期的国民党《山西日报》，为长征中的红军找到了归宿和未来的政治方向。聂荣臻回忆说：“9月22日，毛泽东同志召集团以上干部在哈达铺一座关帝庙里开会。”在会上宣布了“目前，日本帝国主义侵略中国，我们就是要北上抗日。首先要到陕北去，那里有刘志丹的红军……”
初到陕北，毛泽东为中央红军四处借钱
虽说当时红军的目标是北上抗日，可初到陕北连生存下去都困难。70多年后，据陕北红军的后人回忆：当年长征过来的红军，有三个分不清，男的女的分不清，个个都头发老长；枪支棍子分不清，都是当拐杖杵着走过来的；每个人的衣着分不清，没有军装，都是衣服破烂，有的人干脆是兽皮裹在身上……如何筹措到粮食和衣被，成为中央红军首当其冲考虑的问题。
毛泽东、周恩来让当时的红军采办处主任杨至成盘点了中央红军的家底，7000多人的中央红军只有1000多块大洋。周恩来很着急：这么多人要吃饭，将来还要打仗，从哪里去找钱？
这时，毛泽东突然想到了几天前见过的红15军团（原为陕北的红军部队）军团长徐海东，就对杨至成说道：“我给你写个借条，你拿去找找徐海东如何？我相信，只要有可能，海东是一定会帮我们这个忙的。”
毛泽东在信中写道：“海东同志：请你部借2500元给中央，以便解决中央红军吃饭穿衣问题。此致，敬礼！毛泽东。1935年12月。”
党中央向陕北红军借钱，又是初来乍到，不到万不得已，不会如此。
徐海東看到借条后，立即叫人把供给部部长查国桢找来，问他：“咱们现在总共还剩多少钱？”“还剩7000块大洋。”查国桢答道。“那好，留下2000，5000给中央。”徐海东说道。
第二天，红15军团供给部就派人把5000块大洋送到中央红军后勤部，并抽出许多重要物资和大量驳壳枪送去，而且命令每个班挑一把最好的机枪送给中央红军，就连最精锐的骑兵团，都直接交给中央指挥。
后来，毛泽东、张闻天、周恩来、彭德怀等人都把这5000块大洋看作是雪中送炭。
这笔钱究竟有多重要呢？若干年后，毛泽东对这件事还念念不忘，经常提及徐海东对中国革命的贡献，说徐海东是“中国工人阶级的一面旗帜”“对中国革命有大功的人！”徐海东虽然1940年后由于积劳成疾，长期担任闲职休养，但1955年授衔时仍在大将中位列第二。
初到陕北，尽管经费开支极度困难，中国共产党始终没有忘记领导全民族抗战的责任。1935年12月，中共中央在陕北召开瓦窑堡会议，讨论和制定了抗日民族统一战线的策略方针，这也意味着红军在苏区“打土豪，分田地”的做法已经不合时宜了。
为了渡过难关，1936年3月，毛泽东又想到了宋庆龄，希望通过她向时任中国银行董事长的宋子文借一笔钱。然而，此时的宋庆龄与宋子文早已分道扬镳。宋庆龄只好将孙中山逝世抚恤金全部取出，又将自己唯一的一处寓所——莫利爱路寓所典押出去，这才凑够了5万美元寄给中共中央。
“土豪”地主不能打，只能打汉奸和卖国贼。最后，中央提出，“在开始阶段上，对当地的豪绅地主，在有钱出钱的口号下募捐抗日经费和粮食”。 不过，1936年，陕甘宁根据地的没收款仅为65.3万元，却占了年度收入的55%。1937年全年的没收款还不及1935年12月一个月8.7万元的数额。到了1937年2月初，毛泽东已经先后几次致电周恩来，“红军已无伙食费”，“不打土豪又不给钱是不能生活的”。
苏联与共产国际究竟援助了多少抗战经费
众所周知，苏联与共产国际对中共领导的中国革命提供了巨大的帮助，其中非常重要的一项就是经费援助。1934年夏秋间，莫斯科与中共中央及中共在各地的武装力量失去联系后，苏联和共产国际对中共的援助基本都停止了。直到1936年，才又恢复对中共的援助。
“九一八”事变后，日本的军事行动威胁到苏联的战略安全，为此，苏联加大了对中国共产党的援助力度。据资料，从1931年到1937年局部抗战时期，苏联通过共产国际向中国共产党提供的财政援助共计161.39万美元、210.5万卢布、10.2452万墨西哥元、30.75万法郎、5000瑞士法郎、1864荷兰盾和1000两白银。
全面抗战期间，共产国际在资金上援助中共的情况，最醒目的一笔是来自于王稼祥的回忆。回忆称，王稼祥1938年从莫斯科回国时，曾经带回30万美元。
依据现在已公开和披露的档案资料，这样的记录其实还有不少。
1937年9月，八路军驻上海办事处主任潘汉年致信中共驻共产国际代表王明，转达毛泽东和张闻天要求共产国际再度按月提供经费的请求。11月，共产国际执委会书记处答应给中共150万美元，还表示国际革命战士救济会将提供3万美元用于救治从监狱释放的同志。但后来据康生说，中共并没有收到150万美元。目前有据可查的只有1937年11月王明回国时带回的国际革命战士救济会提供的3万美元。
1938年2月初，中共中央又通过任弼时和王稼祥电告共产国际，提出党在财政上的困难极端严重。因为没有钱，缺少武器，扩军困难不说，部队挨饿受冻十分普遍，希望莫斯科迅速提供经费上的援助。这时在武汉的王明、周恩来等也通过延安致电莫斯科，要求尽快得到财政上的援助，以便为部队购买紧缺的各种枪支和弹药。对此，共产国际负责人季米特洛夫紧急同苏共政治局领导人进行了磋商，在2月17日的日记中，他就记下了与斯大林、莫洛托夫谈话后的结果：“援助中国共产党50万美元。”
据资料查到4月28日由毛泽东签字的一份收条：“从米哈伊洛夫处收到30万美元”，因此目前只能确认中共收到30万美元。1939年2月，在莫斯科治病的林彪向季米特洛夫表示，中共现在需要用钱。后来，共产国际组织专门的工作组对中共的情况进行研究。之后共产国际和苏联提供了两笔金额不大的经费。
1940 年2 月，斯大林接见了在莫斯科治疗臂伤的周恩来，周恩来再次阐述了中共对财政援助的迫切需要。季米特洛夫为此致信斯大林，附上周恩来提交的预算表，强调周恩来提出的预算是可信的，“认为可以在1940年向中国党（中共）提供35万美元的援助”。据此，他请求斯大林“向有关部门下达拨款指示”，而斯大林的答复很简单：“我很忙，很多东西我未能读完，请你们自行决定。我们将提供30万美元的援助。”后来，这笔钱通过汇款和专人递交的方式提供给了中共中央。
1941年1月皖南事变发生后，莫斯科与毛泽东围绕如何对待蒋介石和国民党上发生了争执，莫斯科据此不愿再提供经费援助。但是，由于苏德战争突然爆发，应中共中央的要求，斯大林还是批准向中共提供一笔数目更大的援款——100万美元。后来由于苏德战况紧张和共产国际总部搬迁等原因，目前可以确认中共只收到60万美元，剩余款项杳无音信。
应该说，来自莫斯科的经费援助和各种物资帮助，从1937年断断续续一直持续到抗战结束。1937年苏联资金援助是陕甘宁边区全年总收入的5.2倍，直到1940年还是1.5倍。即使在共产国际于1943年5月宣告解散以后，季米特洛夫仍在与苏共政治局领导人莫洛托夫和马林科夫讨论向中共提供经费援助的问题并提议帮助中共中央解决5万美元，不过，目前没有确切资料证明中共收到过这笔款项。除此直至抗战胜利，中共中央再没有得到来自苏联和共产国际的经费援助。
总之，全面抗战初期，除去武器和其他战争物资，苏联和共产国际向中共提供经费援助总计221万多美元，扣除英镑汇率下降造成的损失和没有兑现的40万美元，中共中央总共收到180多万美元。
需要说明的是，苏联通过共产国际提供给中共的经费援助是无偿的，当然，这也与苏聯的国家利益尤其是战略安全密切相关。无论如何，作为抗战时期中共最主要的外来援助，它有力地支援了中共领导的抗战事业，帮助中国共产党渡过了那段最为艰苦的岁月。
中共到底领了国民政府多少抗战经费
1940年年底以前，陕甘宁边区、各抗日根据地及军队财政收入的一个主要来源就是根据国共协议，国民政府发给的薪饷。以陕甘宁边区为例，1937年7月至1940年年底，其财政收入半数以上均来自外援，而外援中占最大比例的就是国民政府提供的抗日经费。
1936年年初，国共两党在莫斯科就联合抗日的问题进行过秘密接触，蒋介石也有意为红军抗日提供经费。中共代表周小舟、潘汉年都曾前往南京谈判，只是后来国民党在待遇问题上出尔反尔，谈判陷入僵局。就在此时，西安事变爆发，被扣留中的蒋介石同意“经过张学良暗中接济红军，俟抗战起，再联动，改番号”。西安事变和平解决后，应中共的要求，1937年1月，蒋介石指示顾祝同：“在政府立场，姑且每月支付二三十万元军费，由杨虎城间接领发，共军番号暂且照旧。”后来，顾祝同派人将善后款50万送抵西安，经杨虎城交送给周恩来。在这以后，直到1937年8月，国民政府每月都向红军拨款30万元。6月，根据周恩来的要求，陕北缺粮，需从外地调运，国民政府又额外加发了5万元运输费。
1937年8月，陕北红军主力改编为国民革命军第八路军（后改称第十八集团军），下辖3个师，共4.5万人。南方的红军游击队改编为新编第四军，下辖4个游击支队共1万多人。改编后的八路军和新四军也开始按月从国民政府领取抗日军饷。
先说八路军，按4.5万人的编制，1937年度月领经费30万元（法币，当时法币1元合抗战前一块银元），战务费20万元，补助费5万元，医药补加费1万元，米津及兵站补助费7万元，合计月发63万元。从1939年8月份起，每月加发兵站临时补助费2.5万元。从1940年元月份起每月增发米津4.5万元，后略有增加，但总数没超过75万元。
再说新四军，按照叶挺出任新四军军长时的要求，每月应发给新四军经费18万元。实际只给了新四军每月8万元。后经叶挺和项英多次要求，自1938年6月份以后，每月增至11万元。1939年开始，每月另发临战费2.2万元。
值得一提的是，第二次国共合作实现后，长期坚持在海南岛的红军游击队也改编为“广东省十四区民众抗日自卫团独立队”，即“琼崖纵队”，改编之初，国民党海南岛当局每月发给琼崖纵队经费0.8 万元，但到1939 年6 月后，原来的每月0.8 万元开始缩减到0.1 万元。
此外，八路军和新四军开赴抗日战场时国民政府还分别拨发了20万元和1万元的开拔费。按照当时的规定，国民党中央军一个甲等野战师的军费每月约20万元。因此，八路军和新四军的待遇如果按照编制人数来算的话，与国军的中央军相当。
另外，蒋介石还根据中共要求和战争需要给了一些临时性补助和奖励，如1939年4月叶挺要求蒋介石发放各种补助：“1.运输困难，恳赐发行动费2万元；2.请准予军司令部经费发给每月5600元；3.乞准设立医院一所每月经费1.3万元。”蒋批示：“照准。”1939年7月，萧劲光向国民政府电请增发河防经费10.5万元，也得到了批准。此外，1937年10月八路军袭击日军阳明堡机场，击毁击伤日军作战飞机24架，蒋介石以军事委员会的名义奖励了八路军大洋2万元。
抛开武器、弹药、军装、军粮、药品等战略物资不谈，全面抗战期间中共部队到底从国民政府那里领了多少经费，由于国共双方记载不同，准确数额已难考证。据相关资料，从1937年7月至1940年，国民政府发给中共军队经费共约3175.1万元，其中八路军经费约2729.5万元，新四军经费约445.6万元（以上数字仅供参考）。
这些经费如何分配不得而知，可以确定的是，随着八路军和新四军队伍的迅速扩大，再加上物价飞涨，这些费用越来越不够用了。以八路军为例，1940年八路军已发展到40多万人。其间，中共多次向国民政府要求扩大编制，增加军饷，但国民政府始终不予批准。由于经费严重不足，国共两军待遇相差很多。当时，国民党军队师长每月一般发800元，连长发100多元，而八路军师长每月只发5元、连长发3元，即便这样低的薪饷标准也常常不能按时发放。
1939 年在晋东南纪念“五卅”大会上，彭德怀发表演说：“我们共产党人是不怕困难的……八路军本月每人只发津费1元，我们的总司令（朱德）今年50多岁了，也只领得1元。”对此，毛泽东激愤地说：“八路军新四军几十万人挡住了五分之二的敌人，同（日军）四十个师团中的十七个师团打，却只领到七十三万块钱饷”，而且“票子跌价，打个二折半，每人每月不上一块钱。”
“票子跌价”说的是从1938年年底开始，通货膨胀迅速加剧，国民政府发给中共的军费又以法币为主，所以其价值也严重贬值。1939 年，毛泽东在《八路军军政》 杂志发刊词中指出：“长期抗战中最困难的问题之一，将是财政经济问题，这是全国抗战的困难问题，也是八路军的困难，应该提到认识的高度。”
即便如此，自1939年12月国民党掀起第一次反共高潮后，国共两党间的摩擦不断加大。1940年12月，国民党政府国防部长何应钦宣布停发延安方面的军饷和物资。新四军的军费，则是1941年1月以后停发的，因为这个月新四军领完最后一笔军饷和物资后，就爆发了皖南事变。此后，中共所属部队的经费、给养都靠自己解决。
各类募捐：数十万两黄金送延安
募捐也是全面抗战之初八路军、新四军经费的重要来源。1937年10月，刘少奇在《抗日游击战争中各种基本政策问题》中，明确提出“向富户征求救国捐”“发动群众自愿捐助抗日经费，战争中的需用品”，并且认为抗日游击队的给养，“主要是以没收敌人的资财与汉奸的财产及向富户募捐来维持。只有在十分必要时才向一般群众募捐”。
因此，这种自愿与带有某种强迫性的摊派，也为敌后抗日根据地募集了一定数量的资金与物资。1937年秋冬，八路军120师开辟晋西北抗日根据地时，仅在山西兴县，杨家坡地主杨笃仁将出卖土地和城里商号所得的银元1.5万元全部捐出，黑峪口王家村的王则相捐出2000 银元和一条船，著名开明人士牛友兰不但捐出自己“复庆永”商号的货物，而且一次捐献银元2.3万元。到这年12月，兴县民众捐助八路军达6万银元、粮食700余担。各抗日根据地都有组织地开展募捐活动，如1938 年年初山东和冀中抗日根据地募集的抗日救国捐，1940年晋绥抗日根据地开展的献金、献粮、献鞋、扩兵的“四献”运动等。
全面抗战爆发后，八路军取得了平型关大捷等一系列的胜利，为中共领导的抗日部队赢得了良好的声誉，国内各阶层及一些海外华人华侨纷纷解囊捐助。1938年至1939 年，上海未被日军占领的租界区开展群众性的支援新四军运动，组织义演、义卖，共募集到几十万元，为新四军购买了一批药品和5万套军装所需布匹。抗战开始后，宋庆龄在上海和香港及时成立了保卫中国同盟（简称“保盟”）和中国工业合作国际委员会（简称“工合”）两大组织，向全世界正义人士、反战组织及华侨呼吁募捐、宣传中国的抗战。据最新资料，宋庆龄通过“保盟”和“工合”两大国际组织在国外募捐约500万美元，其中大部分都输送到了中共领导的抗日根据地。
据陕甘宁边区的统计，仅从1938 年10 月至1939年2月的5个月时间里，海外及后方捐款共达法币130多万元。
新疆军阀盛世才也曾提供一些物款。1939年7月8日，毛泽民在共产国际中国问题研究小组的发言中说：“在新疆省，开展过为八路军购买防毒面具的募捐活动，募集到6万元。盛世才送给八路军5万件毛皮大衣，给了10万元，并将大衣从兰州运往前线。”
另据八路军供给部的统计，从1937年至1941年，各部队上缴的捐款有账可查的共为892.4万元，各部队（包括一些敌后抗日武工队、县大队、区小队）的经费不但要自己解决，有条件的还要上缴支援中央。
說起地方对党中央的经费支持，山东的胶东特委贡献很大。招远盛产黄金，是中国第一个年产万两黄金的县，可惜七七事变后沦陷于日军之手。为了虎口夺金，中共胶东特委成立了一个特殊的常设机构——胶东黄金工作委员会。在这个组织的领导下，矿工们有时用烂石头换下高品位金矿石，有时干脆在矿井下将金矿石砸碎带出来，甚至出现“同一座矿山，鬼子在南边掘进，中共在北边挖洞”的状况。
中共胶东特委还通过创办秘密金矿，组织地方武装伏击日军的运矿车、运金车，同时，秘运矿石到中共控制的炼金厂，再将成品金通过地下交通站运往延安。
由于一路上要穿越敌人的封锁线，因此选派的八路军战士一般都身穿特制衣服，将黄金装在衣袋里，基本上每人携带10两左右。据不完全统计，抗战期间，招远人民为中共领导的抗战贡献黄金多达数十万两。仅1940年，工会书记苏继光和陈文其等人就秘送两万多两黄金至延安。
自力更生：开展生产自救，支援前线
大致说来，延安时期的中共抗日经费来源分两个阶段两个不同来源。1937年至1940年，外援是中共抗战经费和边区财政收入的重要来源。1940年后，抗日战争进入最艰难的时期，特别是1941年皖南事变后，国民党的政治、经济、军事封锁，使中共领导的地区财政经济和所属作战部队面临着极其严重的困难。以八路军120师为例，1940年，“因为粮食很少，一天只能吃到2至3顿稀糊糊，有时连糊糊也吃不饱，就是喝黑豆汤，吃蔬菜。至于油盐，因为没有钱，每人最多亦仅能维持一二钱。吃菜很少，大部分挖野菜吃”。“严寒的十月天以至十一月间，战士仅仅穿着一套贴肉的单衣同敌人搏斗，也常常光着脚行军作战。不仅一般人员是这样的，就是师长、政治委员及伤病员同志，也过着这样的生活”。
毛泽东对这段时间的生活也记忆颇深：“最大的一次困难是在1940年和1941年，国民党的两次反共摩擦，都在这一时期。我们曾经弄到几乎没有衣穿，没有油吃，没有纸，没有菜，战士没有鞋袜，工作人员在冬天没有被盖。国民党用停发经费和经济封锁来对待我们，企图把我们困死，我们的困难真是大极了。”
怎么办呢？求人不如求己。朱德首先提出：建立自己的“家务”。为此，任弼时还做了一番调查，向政治局提出一个方案：一是军队实行屯田制，生产自给；二是开荒；三是把三边地区的盐运出去向边区外销售，盘活经济。1940 年5月，朱德从晋东南抗日前线回到延安后，亲自到延安东南的南泥湾、金盆湾进行实地勘察。1941 年3月，王震率领八路军第120 师第359旅进驻南泥湾，“一把镢头一支枪，生产自给保卫党中央”，王维舟则率领358旅去陇东开荒种水稻。延安著名的大生产运动就此轰轰烈烈地开展起来，毛泽东称其为：“这是中国历史上从来未有的奇迹，这是我们不可征服的物质基础。”
那时，延安所有机关、学校，人人动手，开荒种粮种菜纺线。为率先垂范，鼓励大家，毛泽东等中央领导也安排了生产任务。对此，毛泽东坚持要亲自参加劳动，他说：“我一定参加开荒，地点就选在我门口，只开一亩地，不多也不少。我还能自己动手，坚决不要人代耕。”年过五旬的朱德则同身边的工作人员组织了一个生产小组，在王家坪开垦了3亩菜地，栽种了十几种蔬菜。周恩来和任弼时，坚持带头学习纺线，摇着359旅从南泥湾送来的纺车，一边劳动，一边积极地向纺线技术好的同志学习，不断钻研纺线技术。中组部部长陈云带头到处收集肥料。延安马克思列宁学院院长张闻天自费买了两把锄头，坚持参加生产。留守兵团主任萧劲光搞起了边区盐的产运销，由边区政府出资，“官督民运”……与此同时，中央还抽出一部分资金和人力从事生产经营，到国统区甚至香港去做生意，开商店办企业，把边区的土特产外销，换取法币和美元。杨尚昆回忆：“这件事，当时主要由任弼时、朱（德）老总和（李）富春同志主管。中央派到香港去做生意的是卢绪章，后来他在新中国担任外贸部副部长，在香港搞了个华润公司。华东区也派曾山搞了个五丰商行。北平这摊由赖祖烈经营……”
说到为党筹措抗日经费，还要提一下1933年杨延修与卢绪章、张平等人在上海成立的“广大华行”。 周恩来为“广大华行”明确的三大秘密任务之一就是为长江局、八路军武汉办事处等机构提供和调节经费。根据杨延修回忆和党史专家研究，从1942 年起到抗战胜利，重庆红岩村的中共南方局和八路军办事处经常从重庆“广大华行”提取经费，有时兑换货币或金银，有时“一包钱有好几十斤重”。不仅如此，重庆期间，“广大华行”还提供了大量药品、香烟、钢笔、手表、奶粉，甚至刘伯承的假眼睛。抗战胜利后，上海、南京的《新华日报》办事处房屋、南京梅园新村的购房款、南京局的经费都是“广大华行”提供的，这是后话。
大生产运动开展3年后，边区财政开支的64%实现自给，359旅经费实现了全部自给，其他部队的經费自给率也逐年增加。到1943 年，边区的军队凡有地的，做到每个战士平均种地18亩，吃的菜、肉、油，穿的棉衣、毛衣、鞋袜，住的窑洞、房屋，开会的大小礼堂，日用的桌椅板凳、纸张笔墨，烧的柴火、木炭、石炭，差不多一切都可以自己造，自己办。
为了解决抗战经费困难和边区财政困难，中央和边区政府也采取了一系列措施，比如给各机关部队一部分生产资金让其各自经营以解决经费困难；西北盐池、定边、绥德是有名的产盐区，边区政府发动群众驮运食盐出口，如计划出口60万驮，其中6万驮为公盐，分配各县，由群众义务驮运；统一产销盐价，其收入归军委，作为军费和军委生产保证；发行建设救国公债618 万元；征收救国公粮20万石，公草2600万斤，解决人员和马匹粮草；禁止法币，发行边币1054万元。税收也是1941年后边区政府的主要财政收入。1942 年1 月，中共中央明确提出：“抗日经费，除赤贫者外，一切阶级的人民均须按照累进的原则向政府交纳，不得畸轻畸重，不得抗拒不交。”这些应急财政措施，对解决1941年以来的抗战经费困难起了很大作用。
延安时期的生产自救，一方面解决了在没有外援的情况下，中共所属抗日部队的经费问题，另一方面也为中共领导的根据地培养了一种自我造血的功能和自力更生、艰苦奋斗的优良传统。特别是后者，在解放战争中表现得尤为明显。如1946年，蒋介石用30万大军将6万人民解放军中原部队压缩在鄂东宣化店为中心的狭小地区，新四军五师的李先念一再向中央告急：“财经给养有朝不保夕之虑”“年关在即，无米为炊，万万形势，生活危险之至。”为了救急，任弼时屡电各解放区多方筹款接济，毛泽东也指定华中、山东、晋冀鲁豫、晋察冀4区“负担五师一个月经费”，五师才渡过难关。应该说，没有抗战时期打下的经济基础，各解放区也没有能力完成党中央交给的任务。
得道者多助。80年多前，中国共产党主动扛起全民族抗战的大旗，无论环境多么艰难，为将日本侵略者赶出国门，无数共产党人以命相搏，血洒战场，得到了全国人民和海外侨胞的拥护和支持。
特别是1941 年后，中共在没有外援的情况下，逐步探索出了一条自力更生、独立发展的道路。从某种意义上说，抗战时期也是中共经济管理史上的一个转折期。
正因如此，中共领导的各抗日根据地不但坚持下来，而且到1945年春，中共领导的八路军、新四军及其他武装力量达到91万人，不脱产民兵200万人，抗日根据地总面积达到95万平方公里，总人口9550余万。这些就是抗战胜利后，中国共产党敢于同国民党正面交锋，并最终赢得解放战争胜利的基础。
During the Yan'an period, where did the Communist Party of China's anti-Japanese war funds come from?
http://www.sohu.com/a/240897779_557768?_f=index_historynews_3
In the arduous and extraordinary War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression where the whole nation rose up, the competition between China and Japan was not only in the military field but also in comprehensive strength including the economy. Facing the powerful Japanese aggressors with long-planned aggression and the extremely difficult environment of the war of resistance, how did the Communist Party of China persevere and achieve the final victory? In terms of anti-Japanese war funds, from relying on foreign aid to self-reliance in production, the Communist Party of China also went through a road from development to growth in leading the whole nation's war of resistance.
In September 1935, the Central Red Army led by Mao Zedong arrived at Hada铺 Town in the northwest of Dangchang County, Longnan City, Gansu Province. By accident, an expired "Shanxi Daily" of the Kuomintang found here found a destination and future political direction for the Red Army during the Long March. Nie Rongzhen recalled: "On September 22, Comrade Mao Zedong convened a meeting for cadres above the regiment level in a Guandi Temple in Hada铺." At the meeting, it was announced that "currently, Japanese imperialism is invading China, and we are going to fight Japan to the north. First, we should go to northern Shaanxi, where there are the Red Army of Liu Zhidan..."
When first arriving in northern Shaanxi, Mao Zedong borrowed money everywhere for the Central Red Army
Although the goal of the Red Army at that time was to fight Japan to the north, it was even difficult to survive when first arriving in northern Shaanxi. More than 70 years later, according to the descendants of the Red Army in northern Shaanxi: The Red Army who came through the Long March had three things they couldn't tell apart: men and women couldn't be told apart, everyone had long hair; guns and sticks couldn't be told apart, all were used as crutches to walk; the clothing of each person couldn't be told apart, there were no military uniforms, all were tattered, and some people simply wrapped themselves in animal skins... How to raise food, clothes and bedding became the top priority for the Central Red Army to consider.
Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai asked Yang Zhicheng, the director of the Red Army procurement office at that time, to take inventory of the family assets of the Central Red Army. The Central Red Army with more than 7,000 people only had more than 1,000 silver dollars. Zhou Enlai was very anxious: so many people have to eat, and there will be battles in the future. Where to find money?
At this time, Mao Zedong suddenly thought of Xu Haidong, the commander of the Red 15th Army Corps (originally a Red Army unit in northern Shaanxi) whom he had met a few days ago. He said to Yang Zhicheng: "I will write you a IOU. Can you go and find Xu Haidong? I believe that as long as possible, Haidong will definitely help us with this."
Mao Zedong wrote in the letter: "Comrade Haidong: Please lend 2,500 yuan to the Central Committee to solve the problem of food and clothing for the Central Red Army.此致, 敬礼! Mao Zedong. December 1935."
The Central Party Committee borrowed money from the Red Army in northern Shaanxi, and it was the first time they came here. They would not do this unless it was absolutely necessary.
After seeing the IOU, Xu Haidong immediately called the head of the supply department, Cha Guozhen, and asked him: "How much money do we still have in total now?" "There are still 7,000 silver dollars left." Cha Guozhen replied. "Well, leave 2,000, and give 5,000 to the Central Committee." Xu Haidong said.
The next day, the supply department of the Red 15th Army Corps sent people to deliver 5,000 silver dollars to the logistics department of the Central Red Army, and sent a lot of important materials and a large number of Mauser pistols. Moreover, it ordered each class to pick the best machine gun to give to the Central Red Army. Even the most elite cavalry regiment was directly handed over to the Central Committee for command.
Later, Mao Zedong, Zhang Wentian, Zhou Enlai, Peng Dehuai and others all regarded these 5,000 silver dollars as a lifesaver.
How important was this money? After many years, Mao Zedong still remembered this matter and often mentioned Xu Haidong's contribution to the Chinese revolution. He said that Xu Haidong was "a banner of the Chinese working class" and "a person who made great contributions to the Chinese revolution!" Although Xu Haidong had been in a long-term idleness due to overwork and illness after 1940, he still ranked second among the generals when授衔 in 1955.
When first arriving in northern Shaanxi, although the financial expenditure was extremely difficult, the Communist Party of China never forgot the responsibility of leading the whole nation's war of resistance. In December 1935, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held the Wa窑堡 Conference in northern Shaanxi to discuss and formulate the strategic policy of the anti-Japanese national united front. This also meant that the practice of "beating local tyrants and distributing land" by the Red Army in the Soviet area was no longer appropriate.
In order to get through the difficulties, in March 1936, Mao Zedong thought of Soong Ching-ling again and hoped to borrow a sum of money from T. V. Soong, who was then the chairman of the Bank of China, through her. However, by this time, Soong Ching-ling and T. V. Soong had already parted ways. Soong Ching-ling had to take out all the funeral抚恤金 of Sun Yat-sen and mortgage her only residence - the Moli Road residence, and then raised 50,000 US dollars and sent it to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
"Local tyrants" and landlords could not be beaten, only traitors and traitors could be beaten. Finally, the Central Committee proposed that "in the initial stage, for the local gentry and landlords, we should raise anti-Japanese war funds and food under the slogan of 'those who have money contribute money'". However, in 1936, the amount of money confiscated in the Shaan-Gan-Ning base area was only 653,000 yuan, but it accounted for 55% of the annual income. The amount of money confiscated in 1937 was not even as much as 87,000 yuan in one month in December 1935. By the beginning of February 1937, Mao Zedong had sent several telegrams to Zhou Enlai successively, "The Red Army has no food expenses" and "It is impossible to live without beating local tyrants and not giving money".
How much anti-Japanese war funds did the Soviet Union and the Communist International actually provide?
As we all know, the Soviet Union and the Communist International provided great help to the Chinese revolution led by the Communist Party of China, and one of the very important things was financial assistance. In the summer and autumn of 1934, after losing contact between Moscow and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the armed forces of the Communist Party of China in various places, the assistance from the Soviet Union and the Communist International to the Communist Party of China basically stopped. It was not until 1936 that the assistance to the Communist Party of China was restored.
After the "September 18th Incident", the military actions of Japan threatened the strategic security of the Soviet Union. For this reason, the Soviet Union increased the assistance to the Communist Party of China. According to materials, from 1931 to 1937 during the period of local war of resistance, the total financial assistance provided by the Soviet Union to the Communist Party of China through the Communist International was 1,613,900 US dollars, 2,105,000 rubles, 102,452 Mexican pesos, 307,500 French francs, 5,000 Swiss francs, 1,864 Dutch guilders and 1,000 taels of silver.
During the full-scale war of resistance, the most striking record of the Communist International's financial assistance to the Communist Party of China is from Wang Jiaxiang's recollection. The recollection said that when Wang Jiaxiang returned from Moscow to China in 1938, he brought back 300,000 US dollars.
According to the currently disclosed and revealed archives, there are actually many such records.
In September 1937, Pan Han年, the director of the Eighth Route Army's office in Shanghai, wrote a letter to Wang Ming, the representative of the Communist Party of China in the Communist International, to convey the request of Mao Zedong and Zhang Wentian for the Communist International to provide funds on a monthly basis again. In November, the Secretariat of the Executive Committee of the Communist International promised to give 1.5 million US dollars to the Communist Party of China, and also said that the International Relief Committee of Revolutionary Fighters would provide 30,000 US dollars for treating comrades released from prison. But later, according to Kang Sheng, the Communist Party of China did not receive 1.5 million US dollars. Currently, only 30,000 US dollars provided by the International Relief Committee of Revolutionary Fighters when Wang Ming returned to China in November 1937 can be verified.
In early February 1938, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China again telephoned the Communist International through Ren Bishi and Wang Jiaxiang, pointing out that the Party was in extremely serious financial difficulties. Because there was no money, lack of weapons, it was difficult to expand the army, and it was very common for the troops to starve and freeze. They hoped that Moscow would quickly provide financial assistance. At this time, Wang Ming, Zhou Enlai and others in Wuhan also called Yan'an to Moscow through Yan'an, requiring to get financial assistance as soon as possible to buy various urgently needed guns and ammunition for the troops. In response, Dimitrov, the head of the Communist International, urgently consulted with the leaders of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In his diary on February 17, he noted the result after talking with Stalin and Molotov: "Provide 500,000 US dollars to the Communist Party of China."
According to materials, a receipt signed by Mao Zedong on April 28: "Received 300,000 US dollars from Mikhailov", so currently only 300,000 US dollars can be confirmed that the Communist Party of China received. In February 1939, Lin Biao, who was treating his arm injury in Moscow, said to Dimitrov that the Communist Party of China needed money now. Later, the Communist International organized a special working group to study the situation of the Communist Party of China. Then the Communist International and the Soviet Union provided two small amounts of funds.
In February 1940, Stalin met with Zhou Enlai, who was treating his arm injury in Moscow. Zhou Enlai again expounded the urgent need for financial assistance from the Communist Party of China. Dimitrov wrote to Stalin, attached the budget form submitted by Zhou Enlai, emphasized that Zhou Enlai's budget was credible, "believed that 350,000 US dollars of assistance could be provided to the Chinese Party (Communist Party of China) in 1940". Accordingly, he requested Stalin "to issue instructions for appropriations to the relevant departments", and Stalin's reply was very simple: "I am very busy, I haven't read many things, please decide for yourselves. We will provide 300,000 US dollars of assistance." Later, this money was provided to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China through remittance and delivery by special person.
After the皖南 Incident in January 1941, there was a dispute between Moscow and Mao Zedong on how to treat Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang. Moscow accordingly did not want to provide financial assistance anymore. However, due to the sudden outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, at the request of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Stalin still approved to provide a larger amount of assistance to the Communist Party of China - 1 million US dollars. Later, due to the tense situation of the Great Patriotic War and the relocation of the headquarters of the Communist International, currently it can be confirmed that the Communist Party of China only received 600,000 US dollars, and the remaining amount is unknown.
It should be said that the financial assistance and various material assistance from Moscow continued from 1937 to the end of the war of resistance. In 1937, the Soviet financial assistance was 5.2 times the total annual income of the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region, and it was still 1.5 times in 1940. Even after the Communist International was declared dissolved in May 1943, Dimitrov was still discussing with Molotov and Malenkov, the leaders of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, about providing financial assistance to the Communist Party of China and proposed to help the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China solve 50,000 US dollars. However, currently there is no definite information to prove that the Communist Party of China received this sum of money. Except for this, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China did not receive financial assistance from the Soviet Union and the Communist International until the victory of the war of resistance.
In conclusion, in the early stage of the full-scale war of resistance, excluding weapons and other war materials, the total financial assistance provided by the Soviet Union and the Communist International to the Communist Party of China was more than 2.21 million US dollars. After deducting the losses caused by the decline in the pound exchange rate and the 400,000 US dollars that were not cashed, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China received a total of more than 1.8 million US dollars.
It should be noted that the financial assistance provided by the Soviet Union to the Communist Party of China through the Communist International was free of charge. Of course, this was also closely related to the national interests of the Soviet Union, especially strategic security. In any case, as the most important foreign aid to the Communist Party of China during the war of resistance, it strongly supported the anti-Japanese war cause led by the Communist Party of China and helped the Communist Party of China get through that most difficult period.
How much anti-Japanese war funds did the Communist Party of China actually receive from the National Government?
Before the end of 1940, one of the main sources of financial income for the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region, various anti-Japanese base areas and the army was the salary paid by the National Government according to the agreement between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. Take the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region as an example. From July 1937 to the end of 1940, more than half of its financial income came from foreign aid, and the largest proportion of foreign aid was the anti-Japanese war funds provided by the National Government.
In early 1936, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China had secret contacts in Moscow on the issue of joint resistance against Japan, and Chiang Kai-shek was also interested in providing funds for the Red Army to fight Japan. Zhou Xiaozhou and Pan Han年, the representatives of the Communist Party of China, had all gone to Nanjing for negotiations. However, later the Kuomintang went back on its word on the treatment issue, and the negotiations fell into a deadlock. Just at this time, the Xi'an Incident broke out. Chiang Kai-shek, who was under detention, agreed "to secretly provide relief to the Red Army through Zhang Xueliang, and when the war of resistance starts, it will be linked and the code name will be changed". After the peaceful settlement of the Xi'an Incident, at the request of the Communist Party of China, in January 1937, Chiang Kai-shek instructed Gu Zhutong: "From the government's perspective, we will temporarily pay 200,000 to 300,000 yuan of military expenses per month, which will be sent indirectly by Yang Hucheng, and the code name of the Communist army will remain the same for the time being." Later, Gu Zhutong sent someone to deliver 500,000 yuan of relief funds to Xi'an, which was handed over to Zhou Enlai by Yang Hucheng. After this, until August 1937, the National Government allocated 300,000 yuan to the Red Army every month. In June, at Zhou Enlai's request, there was a food shortage in northern Shaanxi and it was necessary to transport food from other places. The National Government additionally issued 50,000 yuan of transportation fees.
In August 1937, the main force of the Red Army in northern Shaanxi was reorganized into the Eighth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army (later renamed the Eighteenth Army Group), with 3 divisions and a total of 45,000 people. The Red Army guerrillas in the south were reorganized into the New Fourth Army, with 4 guerrilla detachments and more than 10,000 people. The Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army after reorganization also began to receive anti-Japanese military salaries from the National Government on a monthly basis.
Let's talk about the Eighth Route Army first. According to the establishment of 45,000 people, in 1937, the monthly funding was 300,000 yuan (legal tender, at that time 1 yuan of legal tender was equivalent to one silver dollar before the war of resistance), the war service fee was 200,000 yuan, the subsidy was 50,000 yuan, the medical subsidy was 10,000 yuan, the rice allowance and military station subsidy was 70,000 yuan, and the total monthly distribution was 630,000 yuan. Starting from August 1939, an additional monthly temporary military station subsidy of 25,000 yuan was added. Starting from January 1940, an additional monthly rice allowance of 45,000 yuan was issued, and then it increased slightly, but the total did not exceed 750,000 yuan.
Let's talk about the New Fourth Army. According to the request when Ye Ting took up the post of the commander of the New Fourth Army, 180,000 yuan should be issued to the New Fourth Army every month. Actually, only 80,000 yuan was given to the New Fourth Army every month. Later, after Ye Ting and Xiang Ying repeatedly requested, from June 1938 onwards, it increased to 110,000 yuan per month. Starting from 1939, an additional monthly combat readiness fee of 22,000 yuan was issued.
It is worth mentioning that after the realization of the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the Red Army guerrillas who had been adhering to Hainan Island for a long time were also reorganized into the "Independent Team of the People's Anti-Japanese Self-Defense Regiment of the Fourteenth District of Guangdong", that is, the "Qiongya Column". At the beginning of the reorganization, the Kuomintang authorities in Hainan Island issued 8,000 yuan of funds to the Qiongya Column every month, but after June 1939, the original 8,000 yuan per month began to be reduced to 1,000 yuan per month.
In addition, when the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army went to the anti-Japanese battlefield, the National Government also allocated 200,000 yuan and 10,000 yuan of mobilization fees respectively. According to the regulations at that time, the monthly military expense of a first-class field division of the Central Army of the Kuomintang was about 200,000 yuan. Therefore, if the treatment of the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army was calculated according to the establishment number of people, it was equivalent to that of the Central Army of the Kuomintang.
In addition, Chiang Kai-shek also gave some temporary subsidies and rewards according to the request of the Communist Party of China and the needs of the war. For example, in April 1939, Ye Ting requested Chiang Kai-shek to issue various subsidies: "1. Difficult transportation, please grant 20,000 yuan of travel expenses; 2. Please approve to issue 5,600 yuan of funds to the military headquarters every month; 3. Please approve to set up a hospital with 13,000 yuan of funds per month." Chiang Kai-shek wrote "Approved". In July 1939, Xiao Jinguang requested the National Government to issue an additional 105,000 yuan of river defense funds by telegram, which was also approved. In addition, in October 1937, the Eighth Route Army attacked the Yangmingbao Airport of the Japanese army, destroying and damaging 24 Japanese combat aircraft. Chiang Kai-shek rewarded the Eighth Route Army with 20,000 silver dollars in the name of the Military Commission.
Putting aside strategic materials such as weapons, ammunition, military uniforms, military food, and medicines, it is difficult to verify the accurate amount of funds that the Communist Party of China's troops actually received from the National Government during the full-scale war of resistance due to different records between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. According to relevant materials, from July 1937 to 1940, the National Government issued a total of about 31.751 million yuan of funds to the Communist Party of China's troops, of which about 27.295 million yuan was for the Eighth Route Army and about 4.456 million yuan was for the New Fourth Army (the above figures are for reference only).
How these funds were allocated is unknown. It is certain that with the rapid expansion of the ranks of the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army, and with the rapid rise in prices, these funds were becoming more and more insufficient. Take the Eighth Route Army as an example. In 1940, the Eighth Route Army had developed to more than 400,000 people. During this period, the Communist Party of China repeatedly requested the National Government to expand the establishment and increase the military salary, but the National Government always refused to approve. Due to the serious shortage of funds, there was a big difference in the treatment between the Kuomintang army and the Communist Party of China's army. At that time, the monthly salary of a division commander of the Kuomintang army was generally 800 yuan, and the monthly salary of a company commander was more than 100 yuan, while the monthly salary of a division commander of the Eighth Route Army was only 5 yuan, and the monthly salary of a company commander was 3 yuan. Even such a low salary standard often could not be paid on time.
In 1939, at the memorial meeting for "May 30" in southeastern Shanxi, Peng Dehuai delivered a speech: "We Communists are not afraid of difficulties... The Eighth Route Army only issued 1 yuan of monthly allowance this month, and our commander-in-chief (Zhu De) is over 50 years old, and he only gets 1 yuan." In response, Mao Zedong angrily said: "The hundreds of thousands of people in the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army blocked two-fifths of the enemy and fought against 17 of the 40 Japanese divisions, but only received 730,000 yuan of salary" and "The banknotes depreciated, at a discount of 25%, and each person got less than 1 yuan per month."
"The banknotes depreciated" refers to the rapid acceleration of inflation starting from the end of 1938. The military expenses issued by the National Government to the Communist Party of China were mainly in legal tender, so their value also depreciated seriously. In 1939, Mao Zedong pointed out in the foreword to the journal "Military and Political of the Eighth Route Army": "One of the most difficult problems in the long-term war of resistance will be the financial and economic problem. This is a difficult problem for the whole nation's war of resistance and also a difficulty for the Eighth Route Army. It should be raised to the height of understanding."
Even so, since the Kuomintang launched the first anti-Communist climax in December 1939, the friction between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China has been increasing. In December 1940, He Yingqin, the Minister of National Defense of the Kuomintang government, announced to stop issuing military salaries and materials to the Yan'an area. The military expenses of the New Fourth Army were stopped after January 1941, because after the New Fourth Army received the last batch of military salaries and materials in this month, the Southern Anhui Incident broke out. After that, the funds and supplies of the troops belonging to the Communist Party of China relied on their own solutions.
Various donations: hundreds of thousands of taels of gold sent to Yan'an
Donations were also an important source of funds for the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army in the early stage of the full-scale war of resistance. In October 1937, Liu Shaoqi pointed out in "Various Basic Policy Issues in the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression": "Solicit national salvation donations from rich households" and "Initiate the masses to voluntarily donate anti-Japanese war funds and war supplies", and believed that the supplies of the anti-Japanese guerrillas "are mainly maintained by confiscating the property of the enemy and the property of traitors and soliciting donations from rich households. Only when necessary will we solicit donations from the general masses".
Therefore, this kind of voluntary and somewhat compulsory allocation also raised a certain amount of funds and materials for the anti-Japanese base areas behind the enemy lines. In the autumn and winter of 1937, when the 120th Division of the Eighth Route Army opened up the anti-Japanese base area in northwest Shanxi, only in Xing County, Shanxi Province, Yang Duren, a landlord in Yangjiapo, donated all 15,000 silver dollars from selling the land and the goods in the city商号. Wang Zexiang from Wangjiacun in Heiyukou donated 2,000 silver dollars and a boat. The famous enlightened person Niu Youlan not only donated the goods in his "Fuqingyong"商号 but also donated 23,000 silver dollars at one time. By December of that year, the people in Xing County donated 60,000 silver dollars and more than 700担 of grain to the Eighth Route Army. Various anti-Japanese base areas carried out donation activities in an organized manner, such as the anti-Japanese national salvation donations raised in Shandong and Jizhong anti-Japanese base areas in the early 1938, and the "Four Donations" campaign of donating gold, grain, shoes and expanding the army carried out in the Jin-Sui anti-Japanese base area in 1940.
After the full-scale outbreak of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Eighth Route Army achieved a series of victories such as the Battle of Pingxingguan, which won a good reputation for the anti-Japanese troops led by the Communist Party of China. People from all walks of life at home and some overseas Chinese and Chinese people abroad all opened their purses to donate. From 1938 to 1939, the unoccupied concession areas in Shanghai carried out a mass support campaign for the New Fourth Army, organized benefit performances and charity sales, and raised hundreds of thousands of yuan in total, which bought a batch of medicines and the cloth needed for 50,000 sets of military uniforms for the New Fourth Army. After the start of the war of resistance, Soong Ching-ling promptly established two major organizations in Shanghai and Hong Kong: the China Defense League (referred to as "CDL") and the China Industrial Cooperation International Committee (referred to as "ICC"), appealing for donations from justice people in the world, anti-war organizations and overseas Chinese to publicize China's war of resistance. According to the latest information, Soong Ching-ling raised about 5 million US dollars through the two international organizations of "CDL" and "ICC", most of which were transported to the anti-Japanese base areas led by the Communist Party of China.
According to the statistics of the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region, in just 5 months from October 1938 to February 1939, the donations from overseas and the rear reached more than 1.3 million yuan in legal tender.
Sheng Shicai, the warlord in Xinjiang, also provided some materials and money. On July 8, 1939, Mao Zemin said in the speech of the Communist International's China Problem Research Group: "In Xinjiang Province, a donation campaign was carried out to buy gas masks for the Eighth Route Army, and 60,000 yuan was raised. Sheng Shicai gave 50,000 fur coats to the Eighth Route Army, gave 100,000 yuan, and transported the coats from Lanzhou to the front line."
According to the statistics of the supply department of the Eighth Route Army, from 1937 to 1941, the donations handed in by each unit with accounts were 8.924 million yuan in total. The funds of each unit (including some anti-Japanese guerrilla work teams, county detachments, district detachments behind the enemy lines) not only had to be solved by themselves, but also had conditions to hand in to support the central government.
Speaking of the financial support from local areas to the Central Party Committee, the Jiaodong Special Committee in Shandong made great contributions. Zhaoyuan is rich in gold and is the first county in China to produce 10,000 taels of gold per year. Unfortunately, it fell into the hands of the Japanese army after the July 7 Incident. In order to seize gold from the tiger's mouth, the Jiaodong Special Committee of the Communist Party of China established a special permanent organization - the Jiaodong Gold Work Committee. Under the leadership of this organization, miners sometimes replaced high-grade gold ore with rotten stones, and sometimes simply smashed the gold ore underground and brought it out. Even the situation of "the Japanese were tunneling in the south of the same mine and the Communist Party was digging holes in the north" appeared.
The Jiaodong Special Committee of the Communist Party of China also established secret gold mines, organized local armed forces to ambush the Japanese army's ore transport vehicles and gold transport vehicles, and at the same time, secretly transported the ore to the smelting factories controlled by the Communist Party, and then transported the finished gold to Yan'an through underground communication stations.
Since it was necessary to cross the enemy's blockade line along the way, the selected Eighth Route Army soldiers generally wore specially made clothes and put the gold in their pockets, basically carrying about 10 taels each. According to incomplete statistics, during the war of resistance, the people of Zhaoyuan contributed as much as hundreds of thousands of taels of gold to the war of resistance led by the Communist Party of China. Only in 1940, Su Jiguang, the secretary of the trade union, and Chen Wenqi and others secretly sent more than 20,000 taels of gold to Yan'an.
Self-reliance: Carry out self-reliance in production and support the front line
Generally speaking, the sources of anti-Japanese war funds for the Communist Party of China during the Yan'an period were divided into two stages and two different sources. From 1937 to 1940, foreign aid was an important source of anti-Japanese war funds and financial income of the border region. After 1940, the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression entered the most difficult period. Especially after the Southern Anhui Incident in 1941, the political, economic and military blockades by the Kuomintang made the financial economy of the areas led by the Communist Party of China and the combat troops under its jurisdiction face extremely serious difficulties. Take the 120th Division of the Eighth Route Army as an example. In 1940, "because there was very little food, they could only eat 2 to 3 meals of thin porridge a day, and sometimes they couldn't even eat enough porridge. They just drank black bean soup and ate vegetables. As for oil and salt, because there was no money, each person could only maintain at most one or two taels. They ate very little vegetables, and most of them dug wild vegetables to eat". "In the cold October days and even in November, the soldiers fought against the enemy only wearing a set of single clothes close to the body, and often marched and fought barefoot. Not only ordinary personnel were like this, but also the division commander, political commissar and wounded comrades lived such a life".
Mao Zedong also had a deep memory of this period of life: "The biggest difficulty was in 1940 and 1941, and the two anti-Communist frictions by the Kuomintang were all in this period. We once got to the point where there was almost no clothes to wear, no oil to eat, no paper, no vegetables, the soldiers had no shoes and socks, and the staff members had no bedding in winter. The Kuomintang treated us by stopping the issuance of funds and economic blockade, trying to starve us to death. Our difficulties were really great."
What to do? It is better to rely on oneself than to rely on others. Zhu De first proposed: Establish our own "household". For this reason, Ren Bishi also conducted an investigation and put forward a plan to the Politburo: First, the army implement the屯田 system, produce for self-sufficiency; second, reclaim wasteland; third, transport the salt in the Sanbian area out for sale to the outside of the border region to activate the economy. In May 1940, after Zhu De returned to Yan'an from the front line of the anti-Japanese war in southeastern Shanxi, he personally went to Nanniwan and Jinpenwan in the southeast of Yan'an for on-site inspection. In March 1941, Wang Zhen led the 359th Brigade of the 120th Division of the Eighth Route Army to station in Nanniwan, "One hoe and one gun, produce for self-sufficiency to protect the Central Committee", and Wang Weizhou led the 358th Brigade to go to eastern Gansu to reclaim wasteland and grow rice. The great production movement in Yan'an started vigorously like this. Mao Zedong called it: "This is an unprecedented miracle in Chinese history, this is our invincible material basis."
At that time, all organs and schools in Yan'an started to work together, reclaim wasteland to grow grain and vegetables and spin threads. To take the lead by example and encourage everyone, the central leaders such as Mao Zedong also arranged production tasks. In response, Mao Zedong insisted on participating in labor in person. He said: "I will definitely participate in reclaiming wasteland. The place is chosen at my door, only one mu of land, not more or less. I can also do it by myself, and I坚决 don't want someone to cultivate on my behalf." Zhu De, who was over 50 years old, organized a production team with the staff around him and reclaimed 3 mu of vegetable land in Wangjiaping, planting more than a dozen kinds of vegetables. Zhou Enlai and Ren Bishi insisted on taking the lead in learning spinning, shaking the spinning wheels sent from Nanniwan by the 359th Brigade, while working, they actively learned spinning techniques from comrades who were good at spinning and continuously studied spinning techniques. Chen Yun, the head of the Organization Department, took the lead in collecting fertilizers everywhere. Zhang Wentian, the president of the Yan'an Marxism-Leninism Institute, bought two hoes at his own expense and insisted on participating in production. Xiao Jinguang, the director of the Garrison Corps, engaged in the production, transportation and sales of salt in the border region. The border region government provided funds, and it was "officially supervised and privately transported"... At the same time, the Central Committee also allocated some funds and manpower to engage in production and business operations, go to the Kuomintang-ruled area or even Hong Kong to do business, open stores and run enterprises, sell the local specialties of the border region, and exchange for legal tender and US dollars. Yang Shangkun recalled: "This matter was mainly in charge of Ren Bishi, Comrade Zhu (De) Lao and Comrade (Li) Fuchun at that time. The person sent by the Central Committee to do business in Hong Kong was Lu Xuzhang. Later, he served as the vice minister of the Ministry of Foreign Trade in New China and established the China Resources Company in Hong Kong. The East China Region also sent Zeng Shan to set up the Wufeng Commercial Firm. The Beiping branch was operated by Lai Zulei..."
When it comes to raising anti-Japanese war funds for the Party, we should also mention the "Guangda Hu行" established by Yang Yanxiu, Lu Xuzhang, Zhang Ping and others in Shanghai in 1933. One of the three secret tasks clearly defined by Zhou Enlai for "Guangda Hu行" was to provide and adjust funds for the Yangtze River Bureau, the Wuhan Office of the Eighth Route Army and other institutions. According to Yang Yanxiu's recollection and the research of party history experts, from 1942 to the victory of the war of resistance, the Southern Bureau of the Communist Party of China in Chongqing's Red Rock Village and the Eighth Route Army office often withdrew funds from the "Guangda Hu行" in Chongqing. Sometimes they exchanged currencies or gold and silver, and sometimes "a bag of money weighed dozens of catties". Not only that, during the period in Chongqing, the "Guangda Hu行" also provided a large number of medicines, cigarettes, pens, watches, milk powder, and even Liu Bocheng's fake eyes. After the victory of the war of resistance, the houses of the Xinhua Daily offices in Shanghai and Nanjing, the purchase funds of the Meiyuan New Village in Nanjing, and the funds of the Nanjing Bureau were all provided by the "Guangda Hu行", which is a later story.
Three years after the great production movement was carried out, 64% of the financial expenditure of the border region was self-sufficient, the funds of the 359th Brigade were completely self-sufficient, and the self-sufficiency rate of funds of other troops also increased year by year. By 1943, for the troops in the border region who had land, each soldier was required to plant an average of 18 mu of land. The vegetables, meat, oil, cotton-padded clothes, wool sweaters, shoes and socks, caves, houses, large and small auditoriums for meetings, tables, chairs, benches, paper, ink and pens, firewood, charcoal, stone coal for daily use, and almost everything could be made or handled by themselves.
In order to solve the difficulties in anti-Japanese war funds and the financial difficulties of the border region, the Central Committee and the border region government also took a series of measures. For example, allocate some production funds to each organ and unit to operate by themselves to solve the financial difficulties; the northwest salt lakes, Dingbian and Suide are famous salt-producing areas. The border region government mobilized the masses to transport salt for export. For example, it planned to export 600,000 loads, of which 60,000 loads were public salt, allocated to each county, and transported by the masses on a voluntary basis; unify the production and sales prices of salt, and the income belongs to the Military Commission as military expenses and the guarantee for the Military Commission's production; issue 6.18 million yuan of construction and national salvation bonds; collect 200,000 shi of national salvation grain and 26 million catties of public grass to solve the food and grass for personnel and horses; prohibit legal tender and issue 10.54 million yuan of border region currency. Taxation was also the main financial income of the border region government after 1941. In January 1942, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly proposed: "For anti-Japanese war funds, except for the extremely poor, all people of all classes must pay to the government according to the progressive principle, and it must not be too light or too heavy, and must not refuse to pay." These emergency financial measures played a great role in solving the difficulties in anti-Japanese war funds since 1941.
The self-reliance in production during the Yan'an period not only solved the funds problem of the anti-Japanese troops under the Communist Party of China when there was no foreign aid, but also cultivated a self-healing function and the fine tradition of self-reliance and hard work for the base areas led by the Communist Party of China. Especially the latter was particularly obvious in the War of Liberation. For example, in 1946, Chiang Kai-shek compressed the 60,000 people of the Central Plains Army of the People's Liberation Army in a small area centered on Xuanhuadian in eastern Hubei with 300,000 troops. Li Xiannian of the Fifth Division of the New Fourth Army repeatedly reported to the Central Committee in emergency: "There is a risk of financial and material supplies being in jeopardy at any time" and "The New Year is approaching, there is no rice to cook, and the situation is extremely dangerous for life." In order to provide emergency relief, Ren Bishi repeatedly sent telegrams to various liberated areas to raise funds from various sources to help, and Mao Zedong also designated the 4 regions of Central China, Shandong, Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu and Jin-Cha-Ji to "bear the monthly expenses of the Fifth Division". The Fifth Division was able to get through the difficulties. It should be said that without the economic foundation laid during the war of resistance, the various liberated areas would not have the ability to complete the tasks entrusted by the Central Committee.
The one who has the support of the majority. More than 80 years ago, the Communist Party of China took the lead in shouldering the banner of the whole nation's war of resistance. No matter how difficult the environment was, in order to drive the Japanese aggressors out of the country, countless Communists fought with their lives and shed blood on the battlefield, and won the support and拥护 of the people across the country and overseas Chinese.
Especially after 1941, the Communist Party of China gradually explored a road of self-reliance and independent development without foreign aid. In a sense, the war of resistance against Japan was also a turning point in the economic management history of the Communist Party of China.
For this reason, the various anti-Japanese base areas led by the Communist Party of China not only persisted, but also by the spring of 1945, the armed forces such as the Eighth Route Army, the New Fourth Army and other armed forces led by the Communist Party of China reached 910,000 people, the non-full-time militia reached 2 million people, the total area of the anti-Japanese base areas reached 950,000 square kilometers, and the total population reached more than 95.5 million. These were the foundation for the Communist Party of China to dare to confront the Kuomintang head-on after the victory of the war of resistance against Japan and finally win the victory of the War of Liberation.
