I also know that floppies are FAT12. In the book I studied, Practical DOS Techniques (1993 edition, Tang Xianyu of Sichuan University), FAT12 is introduced in great detail. The problem is that there is no partition format information for this hard disk. It really does have Japanese Windows 98 installed, and the accompanying documentation only says FAT12. I downloaded an NEC PC98 boot disk from the Internet, but it would not boot and load. Also, this partition cannot be recognized by PartitionMagic (pq), from versions 3.0 to 8.0. Because Win98 is installed, I tried various versions of Microsoft's operating systems, including MS-DOS 3.30-7.0 as well as Win32-WinServer2003, both Chinese and English editions, and none of them could recognize it.
Looks like I'll just have to try my luck with other systems such as Linux.
This hard disk and laptop are already worthless; the key thing is to get the data out.