From a non-strict perspective, DOS is hardware-independent, meaning that the DOS you install on one machine can be removed from the hard drive and used on any other machine without issues, unlike Windows which is strictly hardware-dependent. Actually, the drivers for the most basic components in DOS, such as the keyboard, serial/parallel ports, floppy drives, and hard drives, are included in the BIOS and are considered standard, "universally applicable." Only non-basic devices like mice, sound cards, and CD-ROM drives require additional drivers to be loaded.
When encountering a crash during DOS startup, you can press the F8 key during startup to step through each command in CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT one by one to see at which step the crash occurs, and then analyze and debug specifically.
[ Last edited by DOSforever on 2018-9-12 at 19:53 ]