Batch Files and Commands
In the DOS operating system you can often see some files with the extension BAT. What kind of files are these? What are they used for? How are they made up? That is what this section covers.
Batch files
A batch file is a text file in which a series of commonly used commands are written, like writing a program, with the extension “BAT”. Such a file is called a batch file. To run this batch file, you only need to type the filename of this batch file and press Enter, and the batch file will run all or part of the specified commands according to the commands in the file. Using batch files can simplify work and bring much convenience.
Batch files can be created with software that has text-editing functions such as EDIT, WPS, CCED, etc.; they can even be created with the COPY CON command.
A batch file can contain the following commands and statements: DOS internal and external commands, command files with the extensions COM, EXE, BAT, and batch commands.
A file named AUTOEXEC。BAT is called an auto-executing batch file, and is a special batch file. When the computer starts, it will be searched for and executed automatically.
Batch commands
1. ECHO command
Function: allows or forbids the commands executed in the batch file to be displayed on the screen.
Format: ECHO
Parameter explanation:
ON allows subsequent commands to be displayed on the screen when they are executed.
OFF does not display subsequent commands on the screen when they are executed.
@ECHO.. means that even this ECHO command itself is not displayed.
ECHO+ means to display one blank line.
MESSAGE is user-defined information. Whether ECHO is ON or OFF at the time, this information will be displayed on the screen when executed.
2. REM command
Function: adds comments in a batch file.
Format: REM
Parameter explanation:
string the content of the comment, up to 123 characters.
3. CALL command
Function: calls and executes another batch file from one batch file, and after execution returns to the first batch file to continue running.
Format: CALLfilename
Parameter explanation:
d：the drive where the called batch file is located.
Path the path where the called batch file is located.
Filename the filename of the called batch file.
Batch file application techniques
Although Windows 3.x and Windows95 are becoming more and more widely used, DOS is still loved by many users. As far as DOS batch files are concerned, many users have not brought their proper role into full play in actual use. This article discusses a few techniques for the application of DOS batch files, for readers' reference only.
1. Display selected DIR information
In order to let users display special types of files in a directory, DOS's DIR command provides switches and wildcard functions. But the DIR command also has many unsatisfactory aspects. For example, if we want to display all files in a directory except those with the extension .TXT, the DIR command is powerless. The solution is to use the FIND command to achieve this function:
DIR /A-D | FIND/V “TXT”
The “/A-D” switch tells the DIR command not to display directories. The pipe command “|” specifies that the listed directory is displayed according to the execution result of the FIND command. The /V switch tells the FIND command to list all lines that do not include the string inside the double quotes. The string inside the double quotes should have a leading space (the space is to keep the FIND command from excluding files whose base filenames include the string TXT, such as NEWTXT.DOC, so the space cannot be omitted here). In fact, the FIND command can appear multiple times in one command line. For example, to display all files in a directory excluding those with the extensions .TXT and .DOC, the command is as follows:
DIR /A-D | FIND/V“TXT”FIND/V“DOC”
Below we give an example using the above technique. This example is used to display all files except those with specified extensions. Here we assume the filename is NEWDIR, and the command format is:
NEWDIR
Among them, files with extension1 and extension2 are the ones the user does not want displayed.
@ECHO OFF
IF“%1”==“”GOTO NOPARAM
SET EXTENSION1=%1
SET EXTENSION2=%2
IF“%2”==“”SET EXTENSION2=.
DIR /A-D | FIND /V /I“%EXTENSION1%” | FIND /V /I “%EXTENSION2%” |MORE
GOTO END
：NOPARAM
ECHO No file extension specified. Syntax
ECHO is：
ECHO.
ECHO NEWDIR
ECHO.
：END
SET EXTENSION1=
SET EXTENSION2=
It is worth noting that a switch /I has been added after the FIND command. The function of this switch is to make the FIND command ignore the case of the extension typed on the command line.
2. Automate input
When writing batch files, sometimes we need to specify the date in the file. Generally speaking, we add the DATE command to the batch file, so during execution the program will prompt the user to enter the date. Here we give a method of adding a carriage return after the DATE command:
ECHO. | DATE
ECHO. is used to send a carriage return to the screen, and the pipe symbol is used to redirect the carriage return to the DATE command. In order not to display the DATE command prompt, you can use the following command:
ECHO. | DATE | FIND“Current”
If you want to add a line containing the date to a text file, you can use the following command:
ECHO. | DATE | FIND “Current” ＞THISDATE.TXT
This method is also suitable for DOS's TIME command and FORMAT command.
3. Suppress displayed information
In batch files, using “ECHO” together with “|” is very useful. Sometimes this combination can eliminate displayed information we do not wish to see. For example, to delete all files in a directory without wanting the system to display “Are you sure(Y/N)”, you can use the following command:
ECHO Y | DEL *.* ＞NUL
In actual use, we can use ECHO and the pipe symbol together appropriately so that the content displayed on the screen matches our requirements.
4. Set or reset the path
As application systems increase, some applications require users to add their directories to the PATH statement, but the number of characters supported by PATH cannot exceed 127 characters, so in actual use this may sometimes become a limitation. Here we discuss a solution through an example. Suppose the path we have set is:
PATH=C:\DOS;C:\UTILS;C:\BAT
And now we need to run a word-processing program, and at the same time need to set the path to:
PATH=C:\DOS;C:\UTILS;C:\BAT;C:\TEXTEDIT
After running the above word-processing program, we also need to restore the path to its original state. Here we can accomplish this through the following batch program:
@ECHO OFF
SET OLDPATH=%PATH%
PATH %PATH%；C:\TEXTEDIT
CD C:\TEXTEDIT
TEXTEDIT
SET PATH=%OLDPATH%
SET OLDPATH=
CD C:\
The second line of the batch program saves the current path in the environment variable OLDPATH; the third line merges the paths; after the system finishes running on the sixth line, DOS hands control back to the batch program, which then resets the path to the original one. By this method we can solve the above problem.
5. Proper use of REM, ::, and GOTO
The function of the REM statement in batch files is well known, but in actual use :: and GOTO can be used in place of REM statements, for example:
ECHO The following lines are remarks that will not be display
::This line will not be display
::Neither will this line
ECHO the batch file proceeds
The same effect can also be achieved with a GOTO statement:
ECHO The following lines are remarks that will not be display
GOTO JUMP
This line will not be display
Neither will this line
:JUMP
ECHO The batch file proceeds
Generally speaking, proper use of REM, ::, and GOTO will improve the efficiency of batch files. Usually, when comments are short, use :: or GOTO; when comments are long, use REM. This is because REM execution time is unrelated to the length of the comment, while :: and GOTO will take twice as long when the comment is long.
6. Convert user input to uppercase
Anyone who writes batch files knows that the IF statement is case-sensitive. For example:
IF“%1”==“ERASE” GOTO ERASE
If the user types erase or Erase or any combination of upper and lower case for these five letters, DOS will consider that the IF statement condition has not been met, and therefore will not execute the GOTO statement. The solution is to use the PATH command to convert the lowercase letters entered by the user into uppercase. The program is as follows:
SET OLDPATH=%PATH%
SET PATH=%1
SET USERINPUT=%PATH%
SET PATH=%OLDPATH%
IF %USERINPUT%==ERASE GOTO ERASE
SET OLDPATH=
The first line stores the current path in the environment variable OLDPATH, the second line sets the PATH variable to the user input and converts the input content to uppercase, the third line sets an environment variable to PATH (that is, the content entered by the user), the fourth line restores the original PATH content, the fifth line uses the converted string in the IF statement, and the last line clears the OLDPATH environment variable.
7. FOR...IN...DO loop
When more than one command needs to be executed at a time, the limitations of FOR...IN...DO become apparent. For example, in a batch file we cannot simply use the MORE command to display each file in a directory and then selectively delete them. The following example demonstrates a way to overcome this problem:
@ECHO OFF
IF“%1”==“:TASKS:” GOTO TASKS
FOR %%A IN (%1) DO CALL %0 :TASKS: %%A
GOTO END
:TASKS
CLS
MORE %2
DEL /P %2
:END
Here we name this batch program LOOPER. If we want to display all text files and then give a delete choice, we can type:
LOOPER *.TXT
Thus, on the first execution, the IF statement on the second line checks whether %1 contains :TASKS:. Since in this execution %1 does not contain :TASKS:, the program runs the FOR statement. In this example, the program first takes the first file with the extension .TXT and then executes the CALL command. Suppose the first text file is ABC.TXT, then DOS executes the following command:
CALL LOOPER :TASKS: ABC.TXT
That is, LOOPER runs a second copy of itself with two parameters (:TASKS: and ABC.TXT). When LOOPER runs the second time, it again checks whether %1 contains the value :TASKS:. This time the condition is satisfied, and LOOPER executes the program segment under :TASKS:. MORE displays the contents of ABC.TXT, and then DEL /P displays the choice of whether to delete the file. When the :TASKS: routine finishes execution, DOS closes the second LOOPER and returns to the FOR ...IN ...DO statement of the first LOOPER, thus proceeding to the next .TXT file.
8. Hide command output
Many DOS commands display their results, but sometimes these results shown on the screen can leave the user dazzled. For example, COPY FILE1.TXT FILE2.TXT will display “1 file(s) copied” on the screen. If we do not want the system to display this message, we can use the following method:
COPY FILE1.TXT FILE2.TXT＞NUL
This method is also suitable for the PAUSE command in batch files, and can suppress the PAUSE command's displayed message “Press any key to continue”. For example:
@ECHO OFF
ECHO There is no disk in drive A，Insert a
ECHO disk and press Enter.
PAUSE＞NUL
Subroutines in batch commands
Most mature high-level programming languages allow you to establish commonly used routines as independent modules, that is, subroutines. It pre-
serves the independence of the code, makes the program modular, and makes it easier to organize. At least it can be said that DOS batch commands do not fully support subrou-
tines, but at any time you can use the GOTO command to call a subroutine.
Usually, the label used by the GOTO command can also accept a label stored in an environment variable, for example:
SET LABELNAME=START
GOTO%LABELNAME%
By replacing the label at the beginning of the subroutine and setting a GOTO %RETURN% statement at the end of the subroutine, you
can establish subroutines in DOS batch commands. As long as you SET an environment variable RETURN, you can call a subrou-
tine anywhere in the batch command. For example, you can assign a value to a label and call that subroutine on the next line, then the GOTO statement
jumps to the start of that subroutine. The program structure is:
REM This set the environment
REM variable and calls the
REM subroutine
SET RETURN=HERE
GOTO SUB
HERE
SUB
REM
Place subroutine statements
REM below
GOYO %RETURN%
The statement GOTO SUB transfers to the subroutine SUB, where you can execute any statements. When execution reaches
GOTO%RETURN%, the batch command returns control to the label HERE. Because the environment variable RETURN is assigned the value HERE again, if
you
use the same label (such as RETURN) each time you call SUB, then SUB can be called multiple times from multiple places.
Batch file usage techniques
Dong Zhanshan
DOS batch files are very useful. We can write frequently used commands into batch files and have the computer automatically load the system to complete these repetitive tasks. Here are a few tips on using batch files:
(1) Using DOS redirection
DOS standard input and output are usually carried out on the standard devices keyboard and display. By using redirection, input and output can conveniently be redirected to disk files or other devices. For example, during execution of a batch command, in order to prevent the output information after the command or program is executed from cluttering the screen, DOS redirection can be used to redirect output to the NUL device (NUL does not point to any actual device): C:\>COPY A.TXT B.TXT > NUL。
After the command finishes, the message "1 file(s) copied" is not displayed. Some interactive programs require a lot of keyboard input when executing, but sometimes the input is fixed and unchanging. To speed up execution, an input file can be created in advance, with the contents of this file being the keyboard input items for the program, one item per line. Suppose there is a program ZB, and all its input items are included in the file IN.DAT. Execute C:\>ZB NUL and the program will run automatically.
(2) Using DOS pipe functions
DOS's pipe function makes the standard output of one program or command become the standard input of another program or command. For example, write DEBUG's input commands into the file AAA, then use the TYPE command to send the contents of AAA to DEBUG through the pipe function. During DEBUG execution it will no longer request command parameters from the console, thereby improving machine efficiency. The command is: C:\>TYPE AAA|DEBUG >BBB。
(3) Subroutines
In one batch file, another sub-batch file can be called with the CALL command. When the sub-batch file finishes execution, it automatically returns to the parent batch file and continues downward. For example: A.BAT B.BAT，A calls B, and the contents of A.BAT are as follows：
@ECHO OFF
CALL B
CD \BASIC
BASICA BG
@ECHO ON
(4) Menu selection function
The one-byte return code provided by DOS function call 31H or 4CH can be processed through the batch subcommands IF and ERRORLEVEL, so as to achieve the purpose of automatically executing a batch of commands. This makes it possible to implement all the menu prompt functions of high-level languages in a batch file, making the batch file more flexible and convenient. First use DEBUG to create a menu driver program MENU.COM, and correspondingly write a batch file LG.BAT. The specific content and method are shown in the table below:
DEBUG
-A
-166C:0100 MOV DX,111
-166C:0103 MOV AH,09
-166C:0105 INT 21
-166C:0107 MOV AH,01
-166C:0109 INT 21
-166C:010B MOV AH,4C
-166C:010D INT 21
-166C:010F INT 20
-166C:0111 DB '******************************'0D 0A
-166C:0131 DB '* 1.Turbo Pascal 5.00 *'0D 0A
-166C:0151 DB '* 2.Turbo Basci 1.00 *'0D 0A
-166C:0171 DB '* 3.Turbo Prolog 2.00 *'0D 0A
-166C:0191 DB '* 4.Turbo C 2.00 *'0D 0A
-166C:01B1 DB '* 0.Exit *'0D 0A
-166C:01B1 DB '******************************'0D 0A
-166C:01F1 DB 'Your choice(0..4) : '24 0D 0A 1A
-166C:0209
-R CX
CX 0000
:108
-N MENU.COM
-W
Writing 0108 bytes
-Q
@ECHO OFF:
START
CLS
MENU
IF ERRORLEVEL 52 GOTO C
IF ERRORLEVEL 51 GOTO PRO
IF ERRORLEVEL 50 GOTO BAS
IF ERRORLEVEL 49 GOTO PAS
IF ERRORLEVEL 48 GOTO EX
CLS
GOTO START
AS
CD \TP5.00
TURBO
CD \
GOTO START
:BAS
CD \TB
TB
CD \
GOTO START
RO
CD \TPROLOG
PROLOG
CD \
GOTO START
:C
CD \TURBOC
TC
CD \
GOTO START
:EX
@ECHO ON
Run LG, and a menu will appear in the upper left corner of the screen, prompting the user to enter a selection. When the selected function finishes executing, it returns to the main menu and requests another selection, until function number "0" is selected, at which point the program ends and returns to DOS.
(5) Using the command processor to complete a large amount of repetitive work
DOS provides a method of calling a secondary command processor, which can implement a function equivalent to a subroutine, and is very useful under DOS versions before MS DOS3.3. For example, if you have a batch of FORTRAN source programs that need to be compiled, first write two batch files, MAKEOBJ.BAT and C.BAT, and then execute MAKEOBJ. This will compile all FORTRAN source programs with the extension .FOR in the current directory into OBJ files. This method is fast and correct, requires little human-computer interaction, and reduces the programmer's
MAKEOBJ.BAT C.BAT
@ECHO OFF
ECHO COMPILE FORTRAN PROGRAMS.
FOR %%A IN (*.FOR) DO COMMAND /C C %%A
ECHO FINISH !
@ECHO ON @ECHO OFF
ECHO ------ COMPILE %1 ------
FOR1 %1; >NUL
FOR2 >NUL
@ECHO ON
Using batch files correctly and skillfully can bring you twice the result with half the effort. By using the methods introduced in this article, you can easily write the main control module of an application system. It is just as handy as modules written in high-level languages, yet much simpler. The above programs were all tested on a PC/AT, with the operating system PC DOS3.30.
In the DOS operating system you can often see some files with the extension BAT. What kind of files are these? What are they used for? How are they made up? That is what this section covers.
Batch files
A batch file is a text file in which a series of commonly used commands are written, like writing a program, with the extension “BAT”. Such a file is called a batch file. To run this batch file, you only need to type the filename of this batch file and press Enter, and the batch file will run all or part of the specified commands according to the commands in the file. Using batch files can simplify work and bring much convenience.
Batch files can be created with software that has text-editing functions such as EDIT, WPS, CCED, etc.; they can even be created with the COPY CON command.
A batch file can contain the following commands and statements: DOS internal and external commands, command files with the extensions COM, EXE, BAT, and batch commands.
A file named AUTOEXEC。BAT is called an auto-executing batch file, and is a special batch file. When the computer starts, it will be searched for and executed automatically.
Batch commands
1. ECHO command
Function: allows or forbids the commands executed in the batch file to be displayed on the screen.
Format: ECHO
Parameter explanation:
ON allows subsequent commands to be displayed on the screen when they are executed.
OFF does not display subsequent commands on the screen when they are executed.
@ECHO.. means that even this ECHO command itself is not displayed.
ECHO+ means to display one blank line.
MESSAGE is user-defined information. Whether ECHO is ON or OFF at the time, this information will be displayed on the screen when executed.
2. REM command
Function: adds comments in a batch file.
Format: REM
Parameter explanation:
string the content of the comment, up to 123 characters.
3. CALL command
Function: calls and executes another batch file from one batch file, and after execution returns to the first batch file to continue running.
Format: CALLfilename
Parameter explanation:
d：the drive where the called batch file is located.
Path the path where the called batch file is located.
Filename the filename of the called batch file.
Batch file application techniques
Although Windows 3.x and Windows95 are becoming more and more widely used, DOS is still loved by many users. As far as DOS batch files are concerned, many users have not brought their proper role into full play in actual use. This article discusses a few techniques for the application of DOS batch files, for readers' reference only.
1. Display selected DIR information
In order to let users display special types of files in a directory, DOS's DIR command provides switches and wildcard functions. But the DIR command also has many unsatisfactory aspects. For example, if we want to display all files in a directory except those with the extension .TXT, the DIR command is powerless. The solution is to use the FIND command to achieve this function:
DIR /A-D | FIND/V “TXT”
The “/A-D” switch tells the DIR command not to display directories. The pipe command “|” specifies that the listed directory is displayed according to the execution result of the FIND command. The /V switch tells the FIND command to list all lines that do not include the string inside the double quotes. The string inside the double quotes should have a leading space (the space is to keep the FIND command from excluding files whose base filenames include the string TXT, such as NEWTXT.DOC, so the space cannot be omitted here). In fact, the FIND command can appear multiple times in one command line. For example, to display all files in a directory excluding those with the extensions .TXT and .DOC, the command is as follows:
DIR /A-D | FIND/V“TXT”FIND/V“DOC”
Below we give an example using the above technique. This example is used to display all files except those with specified extensions. Here we assume the filename is NEWDIR, and the command format is:
NEWDIR
Among them, files with extension1 and extension2 are the ones the user does not want displayed.
@ECHO OFF
IF“%1”==“”GOTO NOPARAM
SET EXTENSION1=%1
SET EXTENSION2=%2
IF“%2”==“”SET EXTENSION2=.
DIR /A-D | FIND /V /I“%EXTENSION1%” | FIND /V /I “%EXTENSION2%” |MORE
GOTO END
：NOPARAM
ECHO No file extension specified. Syntax
ECHO is：
ECHO.
ECHO NEWDIR
ECHO.
：END
SET EXTENSION1=
SET EXTENSION2=
It is worth noting that a switch /I has been added after the FIND command. The function of this switch is to make the FIND command ignore the case of the extension typed on the command line.
2. Automate input
When writing batch files, sometimes we need to specify the date in the file. Generally speaking, we add the DATE command to the batch file, so during execution the program will prompt the user to enter the date. Here we give a method of adding a carriage return after the DATE command:
ECHO. | DATE
ECHO. is used to send a carriage return to the screen, and the pipe symbol is used to redirect the carriage return to the DATE command. In order not to display the DATE command prompt, you can use the following command:
ECHO. | DATE | FIND“Current”
If you want to add a line containing the date to a text file, you can use the following command:
ECHO. | DATE | FIND “Current” ＞THISDATE.TXT
This method is also suitable for DOS's TIME command and FORMAT command.
3. Suppress displayed information
In batch files, using “ECHO” together with “|” is very useful. Sometimes this combination can eliminate displayed information we do not wish to see. For example, to delete all files in a directory without wanting the system to display “Are you sure(Y/N)”, you can use the following command:
ECHO Y | DEL *.* ＞NUL
In actual use, we can use ECHO and the pipe symbol together appropriately so that the content displayed on the screen matches our requirements.
4. Set or reset the path
As application systems increase, some applications require users to add their directories to the PATH statement, but the number of characters supported by PATH cannot exceed 127 characters, so in actual use this may sometimes become a limitation. Here we discuss a solution through an example. Suppose the path we have set is:
PATH=C:\DOS;C:\UTILS;C:\BAT
And now we need to run a word-processing program, and at the same time need to set the path to:
PATH=C:\DOS;C:\UTILS;C:\BAT;C:\TEXTEDIT
After running the above word-processing program, we also need to restore the path to its original state. Here we can accomplish this through the following batch program:
@ECHO OFF
SET OLDPATH=%PATH%
PATH %PATH%；C:\TEXTEDIT
CD C:\TEXTEDIT
TEXTEDIT
SET PATH=%OLDPATH%
SET OLDPATH=
CD C:\
The second line of the batch program saves the current path in the environment variable OLDPATH; the third line merges the paths; after the system finishes running on the sixth line, DOS hands control back to the batch program, which then resets the path to the original one. By this method we can solve the above problem.
5. Proper use of REM, ::, and GOTO
The function of the REM statement in batch files is well known, but in actual use :: and GOTO can be used in place of REM statements, for example:
ECHO The following lines are remarks that will not be display
::This line will not be display
::Neither will this line
ECHO the batch file proceeds
The same effect can also be achieved with a GOTO statement:
ECHO The following lines are remarks that will not be display
GOTO JUMP
This line will not be display
Neither will this line
:JUMP
ECHO The batch file proceeds
Generally speaking, proper use of REM, ::, and GOTO will improve the efficiency of batch files. Usually, when comments are short, use :: or GOTO; when comments are long, use REM. This is because REM execution time is unrelated to the length of the comment, while :: and GOTO will take twice as long when the comment is long.
6. Convert user input to uppercase
Anyone who writes batch files knows that the IF statement is case-sensitive. For example:
IF“%1”==“ERASE” GOTO ERASE
If the user types erase or Erase or any combination of upper and lower case for these five letters, DOS will consider that the IF statement condition has not been met, and therefore will not execute the GOTO statement. The solution is to use the PATH command to convert the lowercase letters entered by the user into uppercase. The program is as follows:
SET OLDPATH=%PATH%
SET PATH=%1
SET USERINPUT=%PATH%
SET PATH=%OLDPATH%
IF %USERINPUT%==ERASE GOTO ERASE
SET OLDPATH=
The first line stores the current path in the environment variable OLDPATH, the second line sets the PATH variable to the user input and converts the input content to uppercase, the third line sets an environment variable to PATH (that is, the content entered by the user), the fourth line restores the original PATH content, the fifth line uses the converted string in the IF statement, and the last line clears the OLDPATH environment variable.
7. FOR...IN...DO loop
When more than one command needs to be executed at a time, the limitations of FOR...IN...DO become apparent. For example, in a batch file we cannot simply use the MORE command to display each file in a directory and then selectively delete them. The following example demonstrates a way to overcome this problem:
@ECHO OFF
IF“%1”==“:TASKS:” GOTO TASKS
FOR %%A IN (%1) DO CALL %0 :TASKS: %%A
GOTO END
:TASKS
CLS
MORE %2
DEL /P %2
:END
Here we name this batch program LOOPER. If we want to display all text files and then give a delete choice, we can type:
LOOPER *.TXT
Thus, on the first execution, the IF statement on the second line checks whether %1 contains :TASKS:. Since in this execution %1 does not contain :TASKS:, the program runs the FOR statement. In this example, the program first takes the first file with the extension .TXT and then executes the CALL command. Suppose the first text file is ABC.TXT, then DOS executes the following command:
CALL LOOPER :TASKS: ABC.TXT
That is, LOOPER runs a second copy of itself with two parameters (:TASKS: and ABC.TXT). When LOOPER runs the second time, it again checks whether %1 contains the value :TASKS:. This time the condition is satisfied, and LOOPER executes the program segment under :TASKS:. MORE displays the contents of ABC.TXT, and then DEL /P displays the choice of whether to delete the file. When the :TASKS: routine finishes execution, DOS closes the second LOOPER and returns to the FOR ...IN ...DO statement of the first LOOPER, thus proceeding to the next .TXT file.
8. Hide command output
Many DOS commands display their results, but sometimes these results shown on the screen can leave the user dazzled. For example, COPY FILE1.TXT FILE2.TXT will display “1 file(s) copied” on the screen. If we do not want the system to display this message, we can use the following method:
COPY FILE1.TXT FILE2.TXT＞NUL
This method is also suitable for the PAUSE command in batch files, and can suppress the PAUSE command's displayed message “Press any key to continue”. For example:
@ECHO OFF
ECHO There is no disk in drive A，Insert a
ECHO disk and press Enter.
PAUSE＞NUL
Subroutines in batch commands
Most mature high-level programming languages allow you to establish commonly used routines as independent modules, that is, subroutines. It pre-
serves the independence of the code, makes the program modular, and makes it easier to organize. At least it can be said that DOS batch commands do not fully support subrou-
tines, but at any time you can use the GOTO command to call a subroutine.
Usually, the label used by the GOTO command can also accept a label stored in an environment variable, for example:
SET LABELNAME=START
GOTO%LABELNAME%
By replacing the label at the beginning of the subroutine and setting a GOTO %RETURN% statement at the end of the subroutine, you
can establish subroutines in DOS batch commands. As long as you SET an environment variable RETURN, you can call a subrou-
tine anywhere in the batch command. For example, you can assign a value to a label and call that subroutine on the next line, then the GOTO statement
jumps to the start of that subroutine. The program structure is:
REM This set the environment
REM variable and calls the
REM subroutine
SET RETURN=HERE
GOTO SUB
HERE
SUB
REM
Place subroutine statements
REM below
GOYO %RETURN%
The statement GOTO SUB transfers to the subroutine SUB, where you can execute any statements. When execution reaches
GOTO%RETURN%, the batch command returns control to the label HERE. Because the environment variable RETURN is assigned the value HERE again, if
you
use the same label (such as RETURN) each time you call SUB, then SUB can be called multiple times from multiple places.
Batch file usage techniques
Dong Zhanshan
DOS batch files are very useful. We can write frequently used commands into batch files and have the computer automatically load the system to complete these repetitive tasks. Here are a few tips on using batch files:
(1) Using DOS redirection
DOS standard input and output are usually carried out on the standard devices keyboard and display. By using redirection, input and output can conveniently be redirected to disk files or other devices. For example, during execution of a batch command, in order to prevent the output information after the command or program is executed from cluttering the screen, DOS redirection can be used to redirect output to the NUL device (NUL does not point to any actual device): C:\>COPY A.TXT B.TXT > NUL。
After the command finishes, the message "1 file(s) copied" is not displayed. Some interactive programs require a lot of keyboard input when executing, but sometimes the input is fixed and unchanging. To speed up execution, an input file can be created in advance, with the contents of this file being the keyboard input items for the program, one item per line. Suppose there is a program ZB, and all its input items are included in the file IN.DAT. Execute C:\>ZB NUL and the program will run automatically.
(2) Using DOS pipe functions
DOS's pipe function makes the standard output of one program or command become the standard input of another program or command. For example, write DEBUG's input commands into the file AAA, then use the TYPE command to send the contents of AAA to DEBUG through the pipe function. During DEBUG execution it will no longer request command parameters from the console, thereby improving machine efficiency. The command is: C:\>TYPE AAA|DEBUG >BBB。
(3) Subroutines
In one batch file, another sub-batch file can be called with the CALL command. When the sub-batch file finishes execution, it automatically returns to the parent batch file and continues downward. For example: A.BAT B.BAT，A calls B, and the contents of A.BAT are as follows：
@ECHO OFF
CALL B
CD \BASIC
BASICA BG
@ECHO ON
(4) Menu selection function
The one-byte return code provided by DOS function call 31H or 4CH can be processed through the batch subcommands IF and ERRORLEVEL, so as to achieve the purpose of automatically executing a batch of commands. This makes it possible to implement all the menu prompt functions of high-level languages in a batch file, making the batch file more flexible and convenient. First use DEBUG to create a menu driver program MENU.COM, and correspondingly write a batch file LG.BAT. The specific content and method are shown in the table below:
DEBUG
-A
-166C:0100 MOV DX,111
-166C:0103 MOV AH,09
-166C:0105 INT 21
-166C:0107 MOV AH,01
-166C:0109 INT 21
-166C:010B MOV AH,4C
-166C:010D INT 21
-166C:010F INT 20
-166C:0111 DB '******************************'0D 0A
-166C:0131 DB '* 1.Turbo Pascal 5.00 *'0D 0A
-166C:0151 DB '* 2.Turbo Basci 1.00 *'0D 0A
-166C:0171 DB '* 3.Turbo Prolog 2.00 *'0D 0A
-166C:0191 DB '* 4.Turbo C 2.00 *'0D 0A
-166C:01B1 DB '* 0.Exit *'0D 0A
-166C:01B1 DB '******************************'0D 0A
-166C:01F1 DB 'Your choice(0..4) : '24 0D 0A 1A
-166C:0209
-R CX
CX 0000
:108
-N MENU.COM
-W
Writing 0108 bytes
-Q
@ECHO OFF:
START
CLS
MENU
IF ERRORLEVEL 52 GOTO C
IF ERRORLEVEL 51 GOTO PRO
IF ERRORLEVEL 50 GOTO BAS
IF ERRORLEVEL 49 GOTO PAS
IF ERRORLEVEL 48 GOTO EX
CLS
GOTO START
ASCD \TP5.00
TURBO
CD \
GOTO START
:BAS
CD \TB
TB
CD \
GOTO START
ROCD \TPROLOG
PROLOG
CD \
GOTO START
:C
CD \TURBOC
TC
CD \
GOTO START
:EX
@ECHO ON
Run LG, and a menu will appear in the upper left corner of the screen, prompting the user to enter a selection. When the selected function finishes executing, it returns to the main menu and requests another selection, until function number "0" is selected, at which point the program ends and returns to DOS.
(5) Using the command processor to complete a large amount of repetitive work
DOS provides a method of calling a secondary command processor, which can implement a function equivalent to a subroutine, and is very useful under DOS versions before MS DOS3.3. For example, if you have a batch of FORTRAN source programs that need to be compiled, first write two batch files, MAKEOBJ.BAT and C.BAT, and then execute MAKEOBJ. This will compile all FORTRAN source programs with the extension .FOR in the current directory into OBJ files. This method is fast and correct, requires little human-computer interaction, and reduces the programmer's
MAKEOBJ.BAT C.BAT
@ECHO OFF
ECHO COMPILE FORTRAN PROGRAMS.
FOR %%A IN (*.FOR) DO COMMAND /C C %%A
ECHO FINISH !
@ECHO ON @ECHO OFF
ECHO ------ COMPILE %1 ------
FOR1 %1; >NUL
FOR2 >NUL
@ECHO ON
Using batch files correctly and skillfully can bring you twice the result with half the effort. By using the methods introduced in this article, you can easily write the main control module of an application system. It is just as handy as modules written in high-level languages, yet much simpler. The above programs were all tested on a PC/AT, with the operating system PC DOS3.30.
