China DOS Union

Introduction to Windows 3.1

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　　I. Development of Windows
　　II. New Features of Windows 3.1
　　III. Basic Components of Windows 3.1
　　IV. Use of Applications in Windows 3.1
　　V. Use of Paint Software in Windows 3.1
　　VI. Practical Applications of Windows 3.1 (Applications of WPS, PCTOOLS 8.0)
　　VII. Simplified Keymap of Windows 3.1
　　I. Development of Windows
　　Windows was initially promulgated by Microsoft Corporation in November 1983. Two years later, in November 1985, the initial version of Windows was released. The Windows 1.30 version (August 1986) was a domestic version in the United States. The Windows 1.04 version (April 1987) added corresponding functions mainly to support the line video mode display devices of IBM PS/2.
　　In November 1987, the Windows 2.0 version was released. In order to be consistent with the user interface of the OS/2 display manager, the Windows 2.0 version made corresponding changes to the external characteristics and user interface of the window. The most obvious change was the use of "overlapping" windows, which was completely different from the "flat" interface of the 1.01 version. Similarly, the 2.0 version also improved the keyboard and mouse interface, including strengthening the performance of the list and dialog box.
　　The epoch-making development of Windows was the 3.0 version released in May 1990. It was different from any previous version. First, the user interface made the operation and concept more visualized. The most important breakthrough was that the Windows 3.0 version supported the protected mode of Intel 80286 and 80386, enabling user programs to exceed the running space of the conventional 640K RAM, laying the foundation for future PC-DOS.
　　In 1992, after Windows 3.0, the Windows 3.1 version was released. Compared with 3.0, the Windows 3.1 version added many new functions. Mainly, it provided desktop office appliances with era characteristics such as character map, recorder, multimedia manager, improved the soft environment of office, abandoned the real mode in the previous version, and integrated it into the standard mode and 386 enhanced mode, etc.
　　II. New Features of Windows 3.1
　　The new features of Windows 3.1 are as follows:
　　1. Enhancement of Setup
　　The Setup program is greatly simplified. Selecting the Express setup program can automatically install Windows. The user only needs to type in his own name and answer a few simple questions (such as what model of printer is used).
　　If the user requires more control over installing Windows, the Custom Setup can be used.
　　2. Improved Support for Non-Windows Applications
　　The new Windows includes program information files (PIFs) for non-Windows applications. These files (PIFs) are established while adding non-Windows applications to the Program Manager, so it is easier to run these applications in Windows.
　　3. Network Improvement
　　When restarting Windows, the system reconnects the previously connected printers and network drives.
　　4. Character Map
　　The Windows character map is a newly added accessory application, which can be used to insert special characters not on the keyboard into the user's application.
　　5. Object Packager
　　Object Packager is a new accessory application. It can be used to link and embed information.
　　6. Enhanced Online Help
　　In addition to the complete index help system for the entire Windows, there is also a context-related help system for the task that the user is currently operating. Pressing the F1 key can easily obtain information about the task being performed.
　　7. Improved Startup Configuration
　　When Windows starts, it will run (load) all applications in the portrait of the program in the Startup group of the Program Manager.
　　In the Program Manager and File Manager, from one Windows dialog box to the next. The user can retain the position of the window, the directory of the portrait, and can also retain the menu settings changed by the user.
　　8. Multiple Ways to Customize the Desktop
　　Windows 3.1 has more desktop color schemes for selection, including three color schemes for LCD monitors:
　　There is also a screen saver. The screen saver reduces screen wear and may implement password protection to keep the user's work confidential.
　　9. Enhancement of Serial Port
　　Windows has added serial port communication, and the user can use the serial port that Windows could not recognize before. Set independent interrupts for port 1 and 3, and port 2 and 4.
　　10. New Collection of Application Items
　　A portrait set is provided in the Program Manager, and the user can select portraits to represent his own application.
　　There is also a file (MORICONS.DLL) in the Program Manager, which contains portraits to represent non-Windows applications.
　　11. Standardization of Dialog Boxes
　　Many commonly used dialog boxes look the same throughout Windows 3.1, so it is easier to complete tasks between Windows applications.
　　12. Performance Improvement
　　There are many significant improvements in the performance of Windows 3.1, which are manifested in:
　　1). The Program Manager requires less memory, so more groups can be established without worrying about insufficient memory.
　　2). The File Manager is faster: when moving, copying files, and searching for drives and directories, the screen responds faster. In addition, time-consuming processes can be interrupted.
　　3). Executing a non-Windows application in one window is faster than in the 386 enhanced mode, and can quickly and conveniently switch between Windows and non-Windows applications.
　　4). Printing is fast and efficient: the document is quickly printed and then returns to the user's application immediately.
　　5). The disk cache speed is improved by SMARTDrive, and it is faster and more convenient to open, save, and manage files with non-Windows applications.
　　6). Windows 3.1 is equipped with a multimedia manager, which not only conforms to the trend of multimedia but is also more practical, and it is expected to make more breakthroughs in subsequent versions.
　　7). Powerful applications are provided, such as word processors, paint software, terminal simulation communication software, etc.
　　8). Desktop office appliances are provided, such as clock, card, calendar, calculator, notepad, recorder, character map recorder, multimedia manager, etc.
　　9). A PIF editor is provided for non-Windows applications, and a software development kit SDK is provided for Windows applications.
　　10). It is more natural and convenient in terms of user interface and operation method, and a new idea of "drag and drop" is proposed. The new "drag and place" function makes it more convenient to print, copy, or move files in the File Manager. It is easy to drag the portrait of a file from one position to another with the mouse. For example, if you want to print a file, drag the portrait of the file out of the File Manager and place it in the minimized Print Manager window.
　　If you want to create a program item to start an application, drag the file portrait of the application out of the File Manager and place it in a portrait group of the Windows Program Manager, that is, in the window.
　　III. Basic Components of Windows 3.1
　　Windows is mainly composed of system management applications, additional applications, and advanced user information. The following will be introduced respectively.
　　1. System Management Applications
　　System management applications include:
　　·Program Manager, used to organize the user's management programs.
　　·File Manager, helps the user organize and manage disk file directories.
　　·Control Panel, used to modify Windows settings (such as screen color and font), set printers, multimedia hardware, and modems, and modify the layout of the desktop.
　　·Print Manager, used to schedule and respond to all print requests issued from Windows and non-Windows applications.
　　·PIF Editor, used to create or modify the program information file (PIFS) of non-Windows applications.
　　·Task List, can be used to quickly switch between applications and the desktop at any time.
　　·Clipboard, used to move or copy information from one window to another window between different programs.
　　1). Program Manager
　　When Windows is started, the Program Manager is first seen. The Program Manager window displays the contents of the main group. The main group is also the set of applications that can run in Windows. The names and portraits of the applications in the main group are displayed in the group window. Many important tasks can be completed with the Program Manager, such as:
　　·Start applications
　　·Organize the user's applications into groups for easy access.
　　·Add applications to the group and delete applications from the group.
　　·Create and delete groups.
　　·Add applications to the Startup group so that they are started immediately when Windows is started.
　　Exit Windows
　　In the Program Manager, use the mouse to select the portrait to start an application. In each application window, press the mouse once to select a menu command, select the minimize button, and the application can be shrunk into a portrait. Press the mouse twice on the control menu box of the application window to close the application.
　　2). File Manager
　　The Windows File Manager describes files and directories in a graphical form, helps the user organize them, and simplifies file maintenance.
　　The Windows File Manager has a new screen arrangement: the directory list window is on the left, and the content of the "Open" directory is on the right, so that the user can easily browse the file system without opening an independent window. The File Manager has the following improvements:
　　a. Can immediately display the contents of multiple drives or directories, and can easily copy or transfer files and subdirectories from one directory or drive to another directory or drive.
　　b. Because there are multiple windows with obvious labels, disk drives, and network paths, the File Manager is easier to use.
　　c. There are multiple font sizes available in the File Manager window to display information, so that the amount of file information displayed in the File Manager window at one time can be controlled.
　　d. Enhanced network support makes it more convenient to connect and disconnect network drives.
　　e. Without starting MS-DOS or exiting the Windows system, Quick Format can be used to format the floppy disk and copy files into it.
　　f. Provide the user with more information on disk space utilization and usage.
　　The File Manager can be started by double-clicking the portrait in the main group window with the mouse.
　　The functions of the File Manager are:
　　·Browse directory contents
　　·Move, copy, delete files and directories
　　·Change disk drives, including network drives, etc.
　　·Format disks
　　·Print files
　　·Start applications
　　·Create new directories and subdirectories
　　In the File Manager, using the "drag and drop" function, the user can quickly move and copy files with the mouse. Position the mouse on the file portrait, hold down the left mouse button, move the file portrait to the drive portrait, and then release the mouse, and the portrait will be placed on the drive portrait.
　　3). Control Panel
　　The Windows Control Panel is a tool for adjusting system settings, such as changing the style of the Windows desktop and the configuration of some hardware.
　　The Control Panel can be started by double-clicking the portrait of the Control Panel in the main group window with the mouse.
　　The functions of the Control Panel are:
　　(1) Add and cancel fonts
　　(2) Change screen color and desktop options
　　(3) Set options for the printer
　　Each Control Panel portrait represents a set of system settings that can be changed. Selecting the portrait in the control panel can achieve the change.
　　a. Use Dialog boxes
　　The window used when changing settings is called a dialog box. The dialog box requires input of information, for example, the user has to make some choices, type in some content, or specify settings. Dialog boxes are used to provide information throughout the use of Windows.
　　b. Part of the functions of the Control Panel
　　The following lists some types of settings that can be changed with the Control Panel.
　　(1) Change options of the mouse or other printing devices, such as double-click rate
　　(2) Change settings for network connection
　　(3) Change internal settings of applications
　　(4) If there is a sound card, assign sounds to "system events", for example, play a piece of music every time Windows is started
　　(5) If there is a sound card or musical instrument digital interface (MIDI) driver, add, cancel, and configure sound and MIDI drivers
　　4). Print Manager
　　The Windows Print Manager controls printing and tracks print jobs. The Print Manager window displays the status of the printer and the jobs that are printing and waiting to be printed.
　　The Print Manager window can be seen by double-clicking the print portrait in the Main group window with the mouse.
　　With the Windows print management program, the user can easily install printers and connect network printers.
　　In addition, Windows 3.1 has improved several Windows printer drivers, making the file printing speed faster.
　　For example, the support for Hewlett-Packard LazerJet series II and III printers enables the printer to print at a baud rate of 19200. If the user is using this type of printer, this advantage can be fully utilized to speed up printing.
　　The new Print Manager is faster and more efficient, and can return and control the user's application more quickly, so that while printing files, other files can be quickly returned and operated.
　　Most files can be printed by dragging the file portrait from the File Manager to the minimized Print Manager window.
　　In addition, the biggest feature of Windows 3.1 is the addition of True Type fonts. True Type provides a complete set of fonts to meet almost all printing needs.
　　True Type fonts have different sizes, and the font size required for the document can be strictly selected. The files printed on the dot matrix printer or laser printer are exactly the same as the files displayed on the screen (without the need for a special screen, character card, or soft font).
　　Windows 3.1 provides the following True Type font series:
　　Arial
　　Courier New
　　Symbol
　　Times New Roman
　　Functions of the Print Manager:
　　·Check the status of print jobs.
　　·Pause and restart print jobs.
　　·Cancel print jobs.
　　5). Switching Between Applications
　　With Windows, several applications can be executed simultaneously, making the work more convenient. However, when several windows are opened, it is not easy to find the covered application window.
　　A simple way to keep track of application windows is to use the Windows quick application window switching function. Press the ALT key and then repeatedly press the TAB key to quickly switch from one application window to another. If you continuously press the TAB key, the title of each currently running application window in Windows will appear in the center of the screen.
　　2. Windows Accessories
　　The Windows software package contains some additional applications, mainly:
　　①Write word processor
　　②Windows Paint, which is an application for调配 colors and drawing
　　③Terminal emulator, which is a communication application
　　④Desktop office appliances, which are applications to improve the Windows desktop environment, including:
　　a. Calculator
　　b. Calendar program
　　c. Card file
　　d. Character map
　　e. Clock
　　f. Media scheduling software
　　g. Notepad
　　h. Recorder
　　i. Recorder software
　　3. Advanced User Information
　　Advanced user information helps the user make full use of Windows and use the computer and run applications with higher efficiency. It includes: 1). Integrated Windows application information; 2). Improve and optimize Windows; 3). Reconfigure Windows with Setup

### IV. Using Applications in Windows 3.1

One of the main advantages of Windows is that it can run two or more applications simultaneously. Windows not only provides the ability to handle multiple applications at the same time but also can transfer important information between running applications. Many types of applications make full use of the graphical interface and other effective functions in Windows 3.1. They use drop-down menus and dialog boxes, provide standard menu items, and use keyboard and mouse conventions in Windows, etc. These applications, like the applications provided by the Windows package, are called Windows applications.

With Windows 3.1, users can:
- Quickly start applications that are run daily.
- Group applications for more convenient use.
- Run two or more applications simultaneously and switch between applications conveniently.
- Use the Clipboard to cut and paste information between applications.

#### 1. Types of Applications
Applications are mainly divided into four categories, all of which can run under the Windows operating system:
- Windows applications (designed for Windows 3.0 and subsequent versions).
- Older versions of Windows applications (designed for versions prior to Windows 3.0).
- Non-Windows applications (designed for MS DOS, most of which can run under Windows).
- Memory-resident programs

##### a. Windows applications
Most Windows applications are included in the Main group (such as File Manager and Control Panel) and the Accessories group (Write Paintbrush and Notepad).

##### b. Older versions of Windows applications
If you already have a previous version of Windows, some applications can run on version 3.0 without modification.

##### c. Non-Windows applications
Non-Windows applications are designed for MS-DOS, not for Windows. They cannot use the graphical interface of Windows, may not have menus or dialog boxes, and some may not be able to use the mouse. Most non-Windows applications can occupy the entire desktop in Windows and appear as if Windows does not exist and only run under MS-DOS.

Simultaneously running applications share computer resources, and the way of sharing resources depends on whether these applications are Windows applications or non-Windows applications and the mode of the running window.

#### 2. Starting Applications
Windows provides four methods to start applications:

##### (1) Starting an application from Program Manager
If an application belongs to a group, the simplest way to start it is to select it from the group window. If a document is included in this application, it will be placed in the application workspace.

The operation to start an application from a group is:
Using the mouse:
a. If the Program Manager window is not open, open it.
b. Open the group window that contains the application you need to start.
c. Locate and double-click to select the application icon.

##### (2) Starting an application from File Manager
You can start an application from File Manager by opening the program file from the directory window. Program files have file extensions of.COM,.EXE,.PIF, or.BAT. If the application can run in a window, this window will appear in front of any open File Manager window. If the application is a full-screen application, the application screen will cover the File Manager window.

The operation to start an application from File Manager is:
Using the mouse:
a. Start File Manager in the Main group and open the directory window that contains the program file.
b. Locate and select the desired drive icon.
c. Locate and select the desired directory icon.
d. Locate and double-click to select the file name.

##### (3) Starting an application using the Run command
The Run command is a convenient way to start applications that are run occasionally or not added to a group.

##### (4) Starting an application using the DOS command prompt
Sometimes, to run a non-Windows application (such as common MS-DOS commands) from Windows, you can run it in the same way as running a Windows application using Program Manager.
a. Open the main group window in Program Manager.
b. Locate and double-click to select the DOS prompt icon, or use the arrow keys to move the cursor to the icon and then press Enter.

When the DOS prompt appears, you can type MS-DOS commands and start any non-Windows application.

#### Exit the DOS prompt
a. Type exit
b. Press Enter

#### 3. Running Two or More Applications
In Windows, you can start an application and keep it running, and then start two or more other applications.

When applications run simultaneously, they share computer resources. The way of sharing resources depends on the type of computer and the type and capacity of available memory, regardless of whether they are Windows applications or non-Windows applications.

#### 4. Switching Application Windows
Many times, there are multiple open application windows on the desktop. The window that is being used is called the current window. To use another application, you must select it and make it the current window. The current window and non-current windows can be distinguished by the color and brightness of the window title.

When running multiple applications, some windows may be invisible. Even when a window is invisible, you can conveniently switch from one application to another using the task list.

##### Methods to switch application windows
① Locate and select anywhere in the non-current window. If the application is a small icon, select this icon.
② If you want to return to the last application, you can press ALT+TAB.
③ If you want to quickly switch to another application, you can press and hold ALT, then repeatedly press the TAB key. When continuously pressing the TAB key, you can see the title of each open application.
When the title of the desired application appears in the center of the screen, release the TAB key, and this application will become active.
④ Repeatedly press ALT+ESC until the desired window becomes the active window.

#### 5. Arranging Application Windows and Icons
You can rearrange application windows through the Cascade and Tile commands in the task list so that all current applications are visible on the desktop. The Cascade command overlaps the windows so that each title bar is visible. The Tile command arranges the open windows in smaller sizes to fit the desktop.

If multiple applications run as icons and are scattered on the desktop, you can use the Arrange Icon command to rearrange them and place them flat at the bottom.
① Double-click the mouse button on the desktop to open the task list. Or press CTRL+ESC.
② Select Arrange Icons. The icons will be placed in order at the bottom of the desktop.

Note: You can also open the task list by selecting Switch To from the application's control menu.

#### 6. Dragging Icons to Perform Tasks
When using File Manager, Program Manager, Print Manager, and some other Windows applications, you can use the mouse to drag the File Manager icon to other positions to perform some basic tasks. This is called "Dragging and Dropping", which is a unique feature of Windows 3.1.

For example, you can drag the File Manager icon to the Print Manager (minimized Print Manager window) and then release the mouse button to print a file on the default printer. You can also start an application to run using Windows by dragging the file icon of File Manager to the group window or icon position of Program Manager.

#### 7. Transferring Information Between Applications Through the Clipboard
The Windows Clipboard is a temporary storage area for transferring information between Windows. You can cut or copy information from one application to the Clipboard and then send it to another application from the Clipboard.

The information cut or copied to the Clipboard remains until the Clipboard is cleared, or other information is cut or copied to the Clipboard, or Windows is exited. Since the content of the Clipboard does not change until it is modified, you can send its content to any place you want and repeat the same content.

##### A. Cutting or Copying Information to the Clipboard
The method of transferring information to the Clipboard depends on whether the application being processed is a Windows application or a non-Windows application, and whether it runs in a window or in full screen.

For Windows applications, you can cut or copy selected information to the Clipboard, and you can also cut the image of the entire desktop or the entire content of any window of an application running in a window to the Clipboard.

For non-Windows applications running in a window on the desktop, you can also copy selected information, the entire desktop, or a single window to the Clipboard. For non-Windows applications running in full screen, you can copy the entire screen to the Clipboard.

###### (1) Cutting or Copying Selected Information from a Window Application
① Select the information you want to cut or copy.
② Select Cut or Copy from the application's Edit menu.
The Cut command removes information from the application and places it on the Clipboard.
The Copy command places a copy of the information on the Clipboard without changing the original information.

###### (2) Copying Selected Information from a Non-Windows Application Running in a Window
If (386) you want to use the following process, you must run Windows in 386 enhanced mode, and the application from which you want to copy information must run in a window.

Using the mouse
a. Hold the mouse arrow and drag over the information you want to copy.
b. Locate and select the control menu to open the edit cascade menu.
c. Select Copy.

Regardless of the mode of Windows, you can copy the screen content of the entire Windows or non-Windows application to the Clipboard. If the mode of Windows you are using is standard mode or real mode, this is the only way to copy information from a non-Windows application.

This process is not suitable for non-Windows applications running in graphical mode.

The operation to copy the entire screen content to the Clipboard is:
① Ensure that the information to be copied is on the Clipboard.
② Press PRINT SCREEN.
It takes a "snapshot" of the entire screen content and places it on the Clipboard. PRINT SCREEN generates a binary bitmap (.BMP file) of the entire screen. However, make sure that the application to which you want to copy the information can read the format of the binary bitmap.

###### (3) Copying the Entire Window
If (386) you want to use the following process, you must run Windows in 386 enhanced mode, and the Windows application or non-Windows application from which you want to copy information must run in a window.

The operation to copy the content of the current window to the Clipboard is:
① Ensure that the information to be copied is in the current window.
② Press ALT+PRINT SCREEN. It takes a "snapshot" of the active window and places it on the Clipboard.
ALT+PRINT SCREEN generates a binary bitmap of the entire screen. Not all applications can read the binary bitmap (.BMP file). Make sure that the application to which you want to copy the information can read the format of the binary bitmap.

##### B. Copying Information from the Clipboard
You can copy the content of the Clipboard to a target application at any time. All information cut or copied to the Clipboard remains until it is modified, cleared, or Windows is exited.

Some Windows applications can recognize text files and graphics, and a few can recognize both. Non-Windows applications can only recognize text. The method of copying information depends on whether it is copied into a Windows application or a non-Windows application.

To copy information from the Clipboard into a Windows application, you can use the paste command in the Edit menu of the target application.

###### ① Operation to copy information into a Windows application
a. Ensure that the information to be placed is on the Clipboard.
b. Start the target application.
c. Place the insertion indicator at the position where the information copied from the Clipboard is to be placed.
d. Select Paste from the application's Edit menu.

###### ② Operation to copy information into a non-Windows application
To copy information from the Clipboard into any non-Windows application, you can use the Paste command in the control menu of the target application. The information copied into the non-Windows application can only be unformatted text. Even if formatted text is copied, the formatted information will be lost.

The method of copying from the Clipboard depends on whether the non-Windows application runs in full screen or in a window.

###### ③ Operation to copy information into a full-screen non-Windows application
a. Ensure that the information to be transmitted is on the Clipboard.
b. Start the target application and place the insertion indicator at the position where the information copied from the Clipboard is to be placed.
c. Press ALT+ESC to return to Windows without exiting the application. The application will appear as an application icon at the bottom boundary of the Windows desktop.
d. Locate and select the application icon to open the control menu for the target application. Or press ALT+ESC until the desired application icon is selected, then press ALT+SPACE to open the control menu.
e. Select Paste.

If you are running Windows in 386 enhanced mode, you can select the Edit cascade menu from the control menu of the application icon and then select Paste.

After performing the above steps, the information will be sent to the target program character by character, just like typing.

###### ④ (386) If you use the following process, you must run Windows in 386 enhanced mode, and the application to which the information is to be transmitted must run in a window. The operation to copy information to a non-Windows application running in a window is:
a. Ensure that the information to be transmitted is on the Clipboard.
b. Start the target application, place the insertion indicator at the position where the information copied from the Clipboard is to be placed, and then open the control menu of the application.
c. Select the Edit cascade menu and select Paste.

The information will be sent to the target application character by character, just like typing.

Note: The application can switch back and forth between full-screen mode and window mode by pressing the ALT+ENTER key (only for 386 enhanced mode).

##### C. Operations on the Content of the Clipboard
These operations include opening the Clipboard, viewing its content, saving to a file, restoring the Clipboard file, and deleting the current content of the Clipboard.

###### (1) Displaying Clipboard Content
a. If it is not the current application, switch to Program Manager.
b. Open the main group window.
c. Select the Clipboard icon from the main group window.

The Clipboard window appears, and the content is displayed in the window workspace.

Note: Sometimes the Clipboard changes the length of the copied or cut information so that it can be included in the Clipboard window. When copying information from the Clipboard to the target application, the copied or cut information will be unchanged.

The Clipboard can accept several different text and graphics formats. When transferring information from one application to another, the source application writes the information in a format that the Clipboard can understand. The application that writes the information determines the format used. Typically, if there are several formats available, the application selects the format that provides the most information. You can display the information on the Clipboard in any format provided by the source application.

###### ① Displaying in Another Format
Select the changed format from the display menu, and then it will be displayed in that format.

###### ② Returning to the First Displayed Format
Select Auto from the display menu.

You can save the content of the Clipboard in a file, and you can view or load the file containing these contents later. This file can only be read through the Clipboard.

###### (2) Saving the Content of the Clipboard
① Switch to Program Manager.
② Open Main.
③ Select the Clipboard Viewer icon.
④ Select Save As from the file menu, and then the Save As dialog box for the file appears.
⑤ Type the file name where the content is to be saved, and select OK. The default extension of the Clipboard file is.CLP. You can also type a path name to save the Clipboard file in another directory.
⑥ Select the OK button.

You can open the Clipboard file and copy it to any application. Only files with the.CLP extension can be opened in the Clipboard.

###### (3) Restoring the Clipboard File
① Switch to Program Manager.
② Open Main.
③ Select the Clipboard Viewer icon.
④ Select Open from the file menu. Then the Open dialog box for the file appears.
⑤ Select the file to be restored from the file list box and select OK. Or type the path name of the file to be restored in the text box.

Note: If the Clipboard is not empty, you will be asked if you want to clear it. If you select OK, the content of the selected file will replace the current content of the Clipboard.

###### (4) Clearing the Content of the Clipboard
If running an application requires more memory, you can just clear the content of the Clipboard because the Clipboard stores information in multiple formats. Clearing the Clipboard can release some memory.

① Switch to Program Manager.
② Open Main.
③ Select the Clipboard Viewer icon.
④ Select Delete from the edit menu. Or press the DELETE key.
⑤ Select OK.

#### 8. Obtaining Information from a Non-Current Application
When a non-current application has a certain state or error message, the beeper will sound, and the application title bar or icon will flash.

Operation to obtain the state or error message:
Select the application window or icon. As soon as you select the window or icon, the information will appear.

#### 9. Exiting an Application
There are two methods to exit from a running application.

##### 1) Exiting a Window Application
Select Exit from the application's File menu. Or select Close from the control menu. Or double-click the control menu box twice.

If the document has been modified after being saved, the application will prompt whether you want to save the file again.

##### 2) Exiting a Non-Windows Application
① Select the application's Exit command. If you are using the DOS prompt, type Exit.
② Close the application and return to Windows.

Note: When exiting a non-Windows application running in full-screen mode, Windows often returns to the Windows desktop. But you can change the settings of the program information file (PIF) to return to the non-active window. When exiting, the non-current window captures information from the displayed application. Sometimes the type of information on the screen is too simple to be readable, and only a simple feature is provided for the non-current window.

V. Windows 3.1 Paintbrush Software

The Paintbrush software (Microsoft Windows Paintbrush) can generate simple or complex color graphics, different from auxiliary software. The Paintbrush requires two mouse buttons. When the right mouse button is needed, it will be indicated in this section. If not specified, the left button (the most commonly used button) should be used. If the mouse buttons are swapped through the Control Panel, it should be stated in the file whether the right button or the left button is to be used.

In Paintbrush, it is very easy to generate pictures using the mouse. Therefore, the instructions introduced in this section are directly for mouse users. For users without a mouse or willing to use the keyboard, when the instructions mention positioning selection, double positioning selection, or pressing the mouse button, you can refer to the keys listed in Table 1.

Starting Paintbrush:
1). Select the Accessories Group from the Program Manager window.
2). Double-click the Paintbrush icon. Or select the Paintbrush icon and select Open from the File menu. Then the Paintbrush window appears.

Table 1 Mouse and Keyboard Usage Comparison Table

Mouse Action | Key or Key Combination
--- | ---
Positioning selection or pressing the left mouse button | INS
Positioning selection or pressing the right mouse button | DEL
Double positioning selection of the left mouse button | F9 + INS
Double positioning selection of the right mouse button | F9 + DEL

In the Paintbrush window, the following items are included:
- Drawing area: where Paintbrush pictures are generated. The size of the drawing area depends on the type of display system. If there is not enough available memory to generate a picture equal to the size of the drawing area, a small drawing area will be seen in the upper left corner of the Paintbrush window. Some computer memory needs to be released before a larger drawing area can be generated in Paintbrush.
- The default size can also be modified using the Image Attributes command in the Option menu.
- Cursor: indicates the place where a line or other object appears when starting to draw in the drawing area, or somewhere outside the drawing area.
- Toolbox: contains tools for generating pictures. These tools allow drawing, filling, spraying paint, erasing, entering text, and resetting items in the drawing area.
- Palette: contains colors and patterns that can be used for the background of the drawing area and for drawing tools.
- Linesize Box: contains various widths of lines available.

(1) Determination of Drawing Area Size
When Paintbrush is first started, it establishes a standard-sized drawing area according to the type of display system and the available memory capacity. If you want to generate a picture larger or smaller than the standard size, you can change the standard size.

Operation to change the standard size:
1. Select Image Attributes from the Options menu. Then the Image Attributes dialog box appears.
2. Enter the new height and width of the drawing area you want in the Width and Hight boxes.
If needed, make other changes to the options in this dialog box. The meaning of each option can be referred to in the parameter table below.
3. Select OK.
4. Select New from the File menu to open a new picture with the new size.
Each time Paintbrush is started, it will use the new settings in the Image Attributes dialog box.

Table 2 Image Attributes Options Table

Option | Function
--- | ---
Width | Change the width of the picture to be generated.
Hight | Change the height of the picture to be generated.
Units | When entering the width and height of the picture, select the measurement unit to be used. The standard setting is inches (in), and you can select centimeters (Cm) or pixels (Pels, also called dots; the smallest unit on the screen).
Colors | Select whether to work in black-and-white mode or color mode.
Default | Return the drawing area size to the original size adapted to the video display established by Paintbrush.

(2) Enlarging the Drawing Area
(The toolbox, line box, and palette can be cleared from the Paintbrush window to increase the size of the drawing area. When the toolbox, line box, and palette are not on the screen, the selected tool, line width, color, and menu commands can still be used.)

1. Clearing the Toolbox and Linesize Box from the Drawing Area
Select Tool and Linesize from the View menu. Then the Toolbox and Linesize box disappear from the Paintbrush window, and the check marks in front of Tool and Linesize on the View menu also disappear.
To return the Toolbox and Linesize box to this window, select Tools and Linesize again.

2. Clearing the Palette from the Drawing Area
Select Palette from the View menu. Then the palette disappears from the Paintbrush window, and the check mark in front of the View menu also disappears.
To return the palette to this window, select Palette from the View menu again.

3. Moving in a Large Picture
If a picture of a larger size is generated in the drawing area, you can use the mouse to move the scroll bar around the picture. If using the keyboard, you can use the keys described in Table 3 to move around the picture.

Table 3 Available Key Table

Used Key or Key Combination | Function
--- | ---
TAB | Move counterclockwise in the Toolbox, Linesize box, Palette, and drawing area. SHIFT + TAB | Move clockwise in the Toolbox, Linesize box, Palette, and drawing area. Arrow keys | Move in the drawing area. HOME | Go to the top of the drawing area. END | Go to the bottom of the drawing area. PAGE UP | Scroll up one screen at a time. PAGE DOWN | Scroll down one screen at a time. SHIFT + ↑ | Scroll up one line at a time with the up arrow. SHIFT + ↓ | Scroll down one line at a time with the down arrow. SHIFT + HOME | Go to the left side of the drawing area. SHIFT + END | Go to the right side of the drawing area. SHIFT + PAGE UP | Scroll left one screen. SHIFT + PAGE DOWN | Scroll right one screen. SHIFT + ← | Move left one space with the left arrow. SHIFT + → | Move right one space with the right arrow.

4. Viewing the Picture
To see more parts of the picture, you can clear anything other than the picture from the screen or compress the picture so that the entire picture can fit in the current drawing area.

1). Displaying the Entire Screen
The View Picture command on the View menu can clear anything other than the picture from the screen to display as much of the picture as possible on the screen.
① Display the picture using the entire screen:
Select View Picture from the View menu.
② Cancel the View Picture command:
Press the mouse button or press ESC.
Then the screen returns to the normal state.

2). Zooming Out
(If you generate a picture larger than the drawing area and the entire screen, you can also see the entire picture on the screen.)
① Display a complete picture larger than the drawing area:
Select Zoom out from the View menu. The Zoom out command shrinks the entire picture to fit within the drawing area.
(When using Zoom out, you can cut, copy, and move parts called cutouts in the picture. You can generate cutouts using the Pick or Scissors cutout tool, but you cannot use drawing tools to add anything new to a picture in Zoom out.
② Cancel the Zoom out command:
Select Zoom In from the View menu or press ESC.
At this time, the picture returns to the size of the normal resolution.
When using Zoom out to view a picture, some details of the lines in the picture may be lost. Generally, the larger the original size of the picture, the more details of the lines are lost when Paintbrush shrinks the picture. The detail loss only occurs when the picture is compressed, not in the original picture.)

(3) Generating a Simple Picture
- Select the background color.
- Select the foreground color.
- Select the line width.
- Select the drawing tool.
- Draw the picture.
- Edit the image.

1. Selecting the Background Color and Foreground Color
When generating a picture, first determine the background color and foreground color to be used before starting to draw. You can select the background and foreground colors from the palette.
Note: When generating a picture, the foreground color and background color can be changed at any time, and operating on the background color using the tools and various commands in the toolbox can produce special effects. For example, shadows can be generated in different positions within the picture with various colors.
You can change the color of the entire background of a complete picture by simply selecting the color and then selecting New to start a new picture.
When Paintbrush is started, the selected background color is white, and the selected foreground color is black.
1). Selecting a Different Background Color and Pattern
Point to a color or pattern in the palette and press the right mouse button. Or press TAB to reach the palette, then use the arrow keys to move the cursor to a color and press DELETE.
At this time, the Selected Colors box displays the selected color.
If you now select New from the File menu, Paintbrush will open a new document with the newly selected background color or style in the drawing.
2). Selecting a Different Foreground Color and Pattern
Point to a color in the palette and press the left mouse button. Or press TAB to reach the palette, then use the arrow keys to move the cursor to a color and press INSERT.
At this time, the Selected Colors box displays the selected color.

2. Selecting the Line Width
In the Paintbrush window, the Linesize box in the lower left corner displays the available line widths. The width of the top line is one pixel wide. The arrow mark indicates the selected line width.
Operation to change the line width:
Point to the desired width in the Linesize box and press the mouse button. Or press TAB to reach the palette, then use the arrow keys to move the cursor to the desired line width and press INSERT.

3. Selection and Use of Drawing Tools
Before starting work in the drawing area, you need to select the tool to be used from the toolbox on the left side of the Paintbrush window. The brush tool is always selected when starting Paintbrush.
(1) Selecting the Drawing Tool
Point to the desired tool and press the mouse button.
The selected tool is highlighted in the Paintbrush toolbox.
(2) Drawing with the Selected Tool
① Move the cursor to the drawing area, position it at the starting position of the drawing, and press the mouse button.
② Press the mouse button and drag the cursor in the drawing area.
If you are drawing an object like a square or a circle, the object will be enlarged or reduced as the cursor moves.
③ If you are satisfied with the drawn object, release the mouse button.

4. Giving Up Modifications
When a drawing error occurs, simple modifications can be made using the Undo command on the Edit menu or the BACKSPACE key.
You can keep using Undo and BACKSPACE operations before performing the following operations:
- Selecting a tool.
- Using the scroll bar.
- Opening another application.
- Resetting the window size.
After performing any of the above operations, Paintbrush fixes what is drawn in the current drawing area, and Undo and BACKSPACE no longer have a deleting effect. Now you must use a delete tool or select and edit the part called a cutout in the picture. For content about deleting and editing cutouts, refer to the "Color Eraser", "Eraser", and "Editing the Picture" later in this section.
1). Editing the Picture Using the Undo Command
Select Undo from the Edit menu.
Undo deletes all the things drawn since the current tool being used was selected.
2). Editing the Picture with BACKSPACE
① Press the BACKSPACE key. At this time, the cursor becomes a square with -X in it. The size of the square depends on the selected line width.
② Press the mouse button and move the cursor to the part to be deleted.
③ When done, release the mouse button.
④ Press the mouse button again to continue using the selected tool to draw.

(4) Entering Text
If you want to use text in the picture, you should do the following:
- Select the foreground color to be used for the text.
- Select the Text tool from the toolbox.
- Select the font to be used.
- Select the style of the font.
- Select the print size for the font.
- Enter and position the text.
- Edit the text.
Selecting the foreground color can refer to "Selecting the Foreground and Background Colors" earlier in this section. The remaining steps will be introduced below.
1. Selecting the Text Tool
After selecting the Text tool, you can type text in the drawing area.
Operation to select the Text tool:
Point to this tool abc in the toolbox.
Press the mouse button.
At this time, Paintbrush highlights the Text tool in the toolbox.
2. Selecting the Font and Font Size
The available point sizes depend on the resolution of the printer. If no printer is installed, the available point sizes will depend on the screen resolution of the video display. The Font menu lists all available fonts, and the Size menu lists the range of point sizes corresponding to all fonts.
1). Selecting the Font for the Text
① Select Fonts from the Text menu.
② Select the name of the font to be used from the Font menu. At this time, Paintbrush places a check mark in front of the selected font on the Font menu.
③ Select the OK button.
(The selected font will affect any text not fixed in the drawing area and the text to be entered.)
2). Selecting the Size for the Font
① Select Fonts from the Text menu.
② Select the size of the font to be used from the Font menu.
③ Select the OK button.

3. Setting Style Options
In addition to different sizes, fonts can also be designed with different styles for text that needs to be emphasized. You can bold, italicize, underline, and outline the typed text. In addition, you can generate a shadow around the text on the currently selected background color.
1). Changing the Text Style
Select the style to be used from the Style menu. At this time, Paintbrush places a check mark in front of the selected style on the Style menu.
You can select multiple styles for the same text. The selected style will affect the text not fixed in the drawing area and the text to be entered.
2). Canceling the Style Selection
Select the selected style again from the Style menu.
3). Canceling All Current Style Selections
Select Normal from the Style menu.

4. Entering and Positioning the Text
Entering text in the Paintbrush drawing area is similar to entering text in a word processing application, except that the text cannot be automatically scrolled line by line. In addition, if you exit the Text tool and then return to the Text tool, the cursor will not automatically reposition to the previously entered text.
Entering text in the Paintbrush drawing area:
1). Move the cursor to the position where the text is to be entered and press the mouse button.
2). Start entering.
The typed text starts from the initial position of the text cursor and fills the Paintbrush window, and the cursor keeps moving to the right to make space.
3). When restarting a new line of text, press the mouse button to reposition the Text cursor.
When entering to the far right of the drawing area and continuing to type in this line, Paintbrush stops entering text.
If the size of the picture is larger than the size of the drawing area, you can use the scroll bar and appropriate arrow keys to move to other parts of the picture and enter text there.

5. Basic Text Editing Operations
Some simple text errors can be corrected using the BACKSPACE key.
In the drawing area, you can also select a new foreground color, font, font size, or text style for the text. You can still use the BACKSPACE key to modify or make other changes to the text before performing any of the following operations:
- Selecting a tool.
- Using the scroll bar.
- Opening another application.
- Resetting the text cursor.
- Resetting the window size.
After using any of the above operations, Paintbrush fixes the text in the current drawing area, BACKSPACE no longer has a clearing effect, and the color, font, size, or style of the text cannot be changed. If you want to change or delete the text, you must clear or cut the text from the picture and re-enter it.

V) Drawing with Paintbrush Tools
The Paintbrush toolbox is displayed on the left side of the Paintbrush window.
You can create various pictures using the tools in the Paintbrush toolbox.
Operation to select a tool from the toolbox:
Point to that tool and press the mouse button.
The following will introduce the tools in the toolbox in sequence.

1. The Cutout Tool
(Defining a region in an image using the cutout tool is called a cutout. The Scissors tool can be used to define an arbitrarily shaped cutout, and the Pick tool can define a rectangular or square cutout. A cutout can be very small or as large as the drawing area.)
1). Defining an arbitrarily shaped cutout
① Select the Scissors cutout tool on the top left of the toolbox and move the cursor to the drawing area.
② Press the mouse button and draw a line around the part of the image that is to be the cutout.
③ Release the mouse button after completely enclosing the area within the line frame.
If there is an error, press the right mouse button to start over.
2). Defining a rectangular or square cutout
① Select the Pick cutout tool on the top right of the toolbox and move the cursor to the drawing area.
② Press the mouse button to fix one corner of the variable frame. Move the cursor until the frame encloses the area to be defined.
③ Release the mouse button.
If there is an error, press the right mouse button to start over.
After defining a cutout, you can use commands in the Edit menu to cut, copy, insert, and save the cutout, and you can also use commands on the Pick menu to process it in various other ways.

2. The Airbrush
The airbrush tool can produce a ring-shaped mist of foreground color dots. The Airbrush tool is particularly useful for creating shadows of 2 or 3-dimensional objects.
Steps to use the Airbrush tool:
1). Select the foreground color to be used.
2). Select the drawing width. The drawing width determines the size of the spray dots.
3). Select the Airbrush tool from the toolbox and move the cursor to the drawing area.
4). Press the mouse button at the position where you want to start spraying the mist and drag the cursor. The speed of dragging the cursor determines the density of the spray. The selected line width determines the size of the mist ring.
5). Release the mouse button to stop spraying.

3. The Text Tool
Using the Text tool abc, you can insert text into the Paintbrush picture. The text appears in the selected foreground color, font, size, and font style. For detailed content on using the Text tool, refer to "Entering Text" earlier in this section.

4. The Color Eraser
1). Changing color with the Color Eraser
① Select the foreground and background colors to be used when using the Color Eraser. The background color will replace the foreground color.
② Select the line width to be used. The larger the line width, the larger the Color Eraser cursor. By changing the line width, you can easily erase smaller or larger areas.
③ Select the Color Eraser tool from the toolbox and move the cursor to the drawing area.
④ Press the mouse button and drag the cursor to change the currently selected foreground color under the cursor. (Other colors remain unchanged.)
(Press the SHIFT key and press the mouse button to move horizontally or vertically while dragging the Color Eraser.)
⑤ Release the mouse button to stop erasing.
2). Changing all places that display a certain color to another color
① Ensure that the part whose color is to be changed is all displayed in the drawing area.
② Select the color to be changed as the foreground color and select the changed color as the background color.
③ Position and select the Color Eraser tool twice.
At this time, each part displayed in the selected color in the drawing area will be changed to the selected background color.

5. The Eraser
The eraser changes all foreground colors it touches to the currently selected background color.
Operation to erase part of the foreground color using the Eraser:
1). Ensure that the selected background color is the same as the background color in the area to be erased. If the colors are not the same, the current selected background color will be used to draw instead of erasing the original background color.
2). Select the line width to be used from the Linesize box. (The larger the line width, the larger the Eraser cursor. By changing the line width, you can easily erase smaller or larger areas.)
3). Select the Eraser from the toolbox and move the cursor to the drawing area.
4). Press the mouse button and drag the cursor to erase the drawing under the cursor.
Press the SHIFT key and press the mouse button to move horizontally or vertically while dragging the Eraser.
5). Release the mouse button to stop erasing.

6. The Paint Roller
Using the paint roller, you can fill a selected foreground color into any closed shape and area. You can use different colors or styles to fill an area surrounded by a boundary or a solid object.
Operation to fill a closed area using the Paint Roller:
(1) Select the foreground color to be used for filling. (If you are filling an object with a style instead of a solid color, you will not be able to fill it again. However, you can use the Color Eraser to change the style used to fill the object.)
(2) Select the Paint Roller tool from the toolbox and move the cursor to the drawing area.
(3) Place the cursor inside the area to be filled and press the mouse button. At this time, the area is filled with the selected foreground color.
If there is any gap on the graphic boundary of the object being filled, the filling color will seep out from the gap and fill the entire drawing area. If this happens, wait until the color stops spreading, then select Undo from the Edit menu (or press ALT+BACKSPACE) to erase it. Please note: The drawing area itself defines a boundary, so the color filling stops at the edge of the drawing area. You can use the Zoom In command in the View menu to close the opening through which the color seeped.
Note: To prevent the loss of satisfactory work, you can reselect the Paint Roller each time you perform a filling, so that the content of the previous filling is fixed.

7. The Brush
Using the Brush tool is like using a standard hard brush to draw graphics and lines freely with the selected foreground color and line width.
1). Drawing a freehand line using the Brush tool
① Select the foreground color to be used.
② Select the line width to be used.
③ Select the Brush tool from the toolbox and move the cursor to the drawing area.
④ Press the mouse button and drag the cursor to draw freely. Press the SHIFT key and move the mouse to draw a horizontal or vertical line.
⑤ Release the mouse button to stop drawing.
2). Changing the shape of the Brush cursor
You can change the shape of the Brush cursor to produce different drawing effects.
① Select Brush Shapes from the Options menu. At this time, the Brush Shapes dialog box appears.
② Select a cursor shape by positioning and selecting, or use the arrow keys to select a shape, and select Ok. At this time, the Brush Shapes dialog box disappears, and the Brush cursor appears in the drawing area in the selected shape.

### 8. The Curve
Using the curve tool, you can draw curves with the selected foreground color and line width.
1). Select the desired foreground color.
2). Select the desired line width.
3). Choose the Curve tool from the toolbox and move the cursor to the drawing area.
4). Press and hold the mouse button to fix one end of the curve, then continue to hold the button and move the mouse. An active line extends from the fixed end point to the current position of the cursor.
5). (When the line reaches the desired length, release the mouse button to fix the second end point of the curve.)
6). Press and hold the mouse button and drag the cursor. The line bends in the direction the mouse is moved.
7). Release the mouse button when satisfied with the angle of the first curve.
If you want to bend the line in only one direction, position and select the second end point. Otherwise, proceed to the next step.
8). Press and hold the mouse button again and move the cursor away from the first curve to bend it in the opposite direction.
9). Release the mouse button when satisfied with the curve.
Before releasing the left mouse button for the second time, you can press the right mouse button to cancel the curve and start over. After drawing the curve, Paintbrush colors the curve with the foreground color.

### 9. The Line
Using the Line tool, you can easily draw a straight line with the selected foreground color and line width.
1). Select the desired foreground color.
2). Select the line width.
3). Choose the Line tool from the toolbox and move the cursor to the drawing area.
4). Press and hold the mouse button to fix one end point of the line, then continue to hold the button and move the mouse. An active line extends from the fixed end point to the position of the cursor and expands or contracts as the mouse is moved.
5). Release the mouse button if satisfied with the length and position of the line to insert it into the drawing area.
If not satisfied with the line, press the right mouse button while still holding the left button to cancel the line and start over.
Note: To draw a particularly straight vertical, horizontal, or diagonal line, press the SHIFT key while dragging the active line.

### 10. The Box and The Filled Box
The Box tool can draw an empty square or rectangle with the selected foreground color and line width. The Filled Box tool generates a square or rectangle filled with the selected foreground color and bordered by the selected background color.
Steps to draw a box or filled box:
1). Select the desired foreground color.
2). If drawing a filled box, also select the background color for the border.
3). Select the desired line width. If drawing a filled box, the selected line width determines the thickness of the box border. If no border is required, make the foreground color the same as the background color.
4). Choose the Box or Filled Box tool from the toolbox and move the cursor to the drawing area.
5). Press and hold the mouse button at the position where you want to fix the box, then continue to hold the button and move the mouse. An active box extends from the fixed point to the position corresponding to the mouse and expands or contracts as the mouse is moved.
6). Release the mouse button when satisfied with the size of the active box to insert it into the drawing area. Press the right button before releasing the left mouse button to cancel the box and start over.

### 11. The Rounded Box and The Filled Rounded Box
The Rounded Box tool has the same function as the Box tool, and the Filled Rounded Box tool has the same function as the Filled Box tool. The only difference is that rounded boxes and filled rounded boxes have rounded corners.
For how to draw a box or filled box, refer to the previous "Box and Filled Box".
Note: To draw a rounded or filled rounded square, press the SHIFT key while dragging the active rounded box.

### 12. Circle/Ellipse and Filled Circle/Ellipse
Using the circle or ellipse tool, you can draw a perfect empty circle or ellipse with the selected foreground color and line width. The Filled Circle/Ellipse tool generates a circle or ellipse filled with the selected foreground color and bordered by the selected background color.
Steps to draw an empty or filled circle or ellipse:
1). Select the desired foreground color.
2). If drawing a filled circle or ellipse, also select the background color for the border.
3). Select the desired line width. If drawing a filled circle or ellipse, the selected line width determines the thickness of the border around the circle or ellipse. If no border is required, make the foreground color the same as the background color.
4). Choose the Circle/Ellipse or Filled Circle/Ellipse tool from the toolbox and move the cursor to the drawing area.
5). Press and hold the mouse button at the position where you want to fix the circle, then continue to hold the button and move the mouse. An active circle or ellipse extends from the fixed point to the position of the cursor and expands or contracts as the mouse is moved.
6). Release the mouse button when satisfied with the size and shape of the active circle or ellipse to insert it into the drawing area. Press the right button before releasing the left mouse button to cancel the circle or ellipse and start over.
Note: To draw a perfect empty or filled circle, press the SHIFT key while dragging the active circle.

### 13. The Polygon and the Filled Polygon
Using the polygon tool, you can draw a polygon composed of connected straight lines with the selected foreground color and line width. The Filled Polygon tool generates a polygon filled with the selected foreground color and bordered by the selected background color.
Steps to draw an empty or filled polygon:
1). Select the desired foreground color.
2). If drawing a filled polygon, also select the foreground color for the border.
3). Select the desired line width. If drawing a filled polygon, the selected line width determines the thickness of the polygon border. If no border is required, make the foreground color the same as the background color.
4). Choose the Polygon or Filled Polygon tool from the toolbox and move the cursor to the drawing area.
5). Press and hold the mouse button to fix the starting point of the polygon, then continue to hold the button and move the cursor. An active line extends from the fixed starting point to the position of the cursor and expands or contracts as the mouse is moved.
6). Release the mouse button when reaching the end of the first side of the polygon. A line appears from the starting point to the place where the mouse button was released. Then the end point of the first side becomes the starting point of the second side.
7). Continue to add sides until ready to form the polygon. If not satisfied with the drawn polygon, position and select the right mouse button to cancel it and start over.
8). When ready to complete the polygon, press the mouse button twice. The polygon automatically closes.
Note: To draw straight horizontal, vertical, or diagonal lines, press the SHIFT key while moving the mouse.
If you want, you can draw sides of the polygon without dragging the active line. Just move the cursor, do not press the mouse button, to the position where the next side should end, then press the mouse button once. A line appears between the two points, and you can adjust the position of the line before releasing the mouse button.

(VI) Editing the Picture
　　 When generating a Paintbrush picture, there are many tools and functions available to help modify this picture. The BACKSPACE key and the Undo command on the Edit menu can be used to delete parts of the picture that have not been fixed yet. For detailed content about the BACKSPACE key, the Undo command, and fixing, please refer to the "Chunk Tool" earlier in this section.
　　 After pasting part or the entire picture, you can use the Eraser tool to erase, use the Color Eraser to modify its color, or define and select a drawing area called a chunk. Then cut, move, and paste this chunk, save the chunk to the disk, and then read it out and use part or all of it. The following introduces how to use the eraser and how to handle chunks. For detailed content about defining chunks, refer to the "Chunk Tool" earlier in this section.
　　 1. Use of the Eraser
　　 By dragging the Eraser cursor over part of the picture, you can erase all the foreground colors that the Eraser touches. You can also use the Color Eraser to change part or all of the color of the picture.
　　 2. Chunks
　　 1). Cutting and Copying Chunks
　　 Using the Copy, Cut, and Paste commands on the Edit menu, you can transfer the defined chunk to the clipboard or transfer the defined chunk from the clipboard, just like transferring selected text in other Windows applications.
　　 When pasting a chunk, the chunk appears in a variable box at the upper left corner of the drawing area (automatically selecting the Pick tool at the upper right corner of the Toolbox). The user needs to move the chunk to the position in the drawing area where it is expected to appear permanently.
　　 It is important to remember that when cutting and copying, you cannot copy a chunk larger than the current drawing area unless the entire picture has been quickly zoomed out (Zoom out). If this is done, then Paintbrush will only copy the part of the chunk that is displayed in the drawing area.
　　 Operation of pasting a chunk:
　　 Press the mouse button outside the chunk, or define a new chunk, or select a tool.
　　 2). Linking and Pasting Chunks
　　 You can copy, link, or paste chunks and insert them into Paintbrush. The method of insertion determines how they are modified. You can only link and paste pictures if the application supports target linking and target pasting. Please check the documentation of all applications.
　　 The following gives descriptions of various methods:
　　 (1) Copying
　　 You can copy the picture to the document of a different application. Once the picture is in the new document, the only way to modify it is to delete it or copy another picture to its position. If you copy a picture, first use the Copy command on the Edit menu to copy it to the clipboard.
　　 (2) Pasting
　　 Pasting is similar to copying, except that the pasted picture can be edited in the document of another application. To paste a picture, first use the Copy command on the Edit menu to copy it to the clipboard.
　　 (3) Linking
　　 Refers to dynamically linking two files. When the information in one file changes, the information in the other file is also dynamically and automatically modified. To link a target, you must first use the Copy command on the Edit menu to copy it to the clipboard.
　　 The command to insert, paste a picture or target from the clipboard into the application depends on the insertion method (copy, paste, link) selected by the user. Please check the documentation of the application to find out how to complete these processes.
　　 (When using the Copy command on the Edit menu to copy the picture to the clipboard, different formats can be used to ensure that other applications can display it.
　　 Some applications can only read pictures in part of the formats. Before copying the picture between Paintbrush and other applications, you must limit the format in which the picture is copied to the clipboard.
　　 Please check the documentation of other applications to find out how to complete these processes.
　　 Operation of limiting the format for copying the picture to the clipboard:
　　 ① Select Omit Picture Format from the Options menu. A check box appears next to the menu command.
　　 ② Select the picture and copy it to the clipboard.
　　 3). Moving a Chunk
　　 After defining a chunk, you can move it arbitrarily within the drawing area.
　　 Operation of moving a chunk:
　　 ① Move the cursor into the chunk.
　　 ② Press any button of the mouse and drag the chunk within the drawing area. If you want to insert this chunk transparently in the new position, use the left mouse button; otherwise, use the right mouse button.
　　 ③ When the chunk is in the desired position, release the mouse button.
　　 ④ Press the mouse button outside the chunk to permanently insert the chunk in the new position.
　　 4). Copying a Chunk
　　 When moving a chunk, you can choose to leave a copy of the chunk in its original position.
　　 Operation of moving a chunk and leaving a copy behind:
　　 ① Move the cursor into the chunk.
　　 ② Press any mouse button and press the SHIFT key to drag the chunk away from its copy. If you want to insert this chunk transparently in the new position, use the left mouse button; otherwise, use the right mouse button.
　　 ③ Release the SHIFT key once the chunk is moved away from its copy.
　　 ④ When the chunk is in the desired position, release the mouse button.
　　 ⑤ Press any mouse button outside the chunk to permanently insert the chunk in its new position.
　　 5). Extending a Chunk
　　 When extending a chunk, move the chunk in the drawing area and leave a series of copies behind the chunk.
　　 Operation of extending a chunk:
　　 ① Move the cursor into the chunk.
　　 ② Press any mouse button and press the CTRL key to drag the chunk through the drawing area. If you want to extend the chunk transparently, use the left mouse button; otherwise, use the right mouse button.
　　 ③ Release the mouse button and the CTRL key when the extension of the chunk is completed.
　　 ④ Press any mouse button outside the chunk to permanently insert the chunk in the drawing area.
　　 6). Moving, Extending, and Copying in Quick Zoom Out Mode
　　 When performing a chunk operation in quick zoom out mode, the chunk can only be inserted non-transparently. After selecting Paste or Paste From, a box representing the chunk appears at the upper left corner of the drawing area. You can move the cursor into the box and drag it to the desired position. To insert it, press the mouse button outside the box. If you insert a chunk larger than the picture itself, you must press the mouse button outside the box.
　　 7). Transparent and Non-Transparent Pasting and Extending
　　 Whenever inserting or extending a chunk, you can choose to do it transparently or non-transparently. If inserted or extended transparently, all parts of the picture covered by the chunk will be revealed; otherwise, the entire chunk area will cover all parts of the picture under the chunk.
　　 If you want to insert or extend transparently, the background color of the chunk is the same as the currently selected background color; otherwise, the inserted or extended object is not transparent.
　　 Note: If you want to extend a chunk non-transparently on the screen, you may need to define a free-form chunk. By generating a chunk that tightly encloses the object to be extended, the extended shape will only be that defined object. If a rectangular chunk is defined, the resulting object will be in a box with a background color.
　　 9). Restoring a Chunk from the Disk
　　 The Paste From command on the Edit menu can restore a previously saved chunk from the disk and place it in the drawing area. The Paste From command is very similar to the Open command on the File menu.
　　 When inserting a previously saved chunk into Paintbrush, the chunk appears in a movable box at the upper right corner of the drawing area (automatically selecting the Pick Chunk tool at the upper right of the Toolbox). You need to move the chunk to the position in the drawing area where it is to appear permanently.
　　 Note: If you insert a previously saved picture into a black-and-white picture, Paintbrush will convert the colors to black and white.
　　 Operation of placing the chunk in the position where it is to appear permanently:
　　 ① Move the cursor into the movable box and press the mouse button.
　　 ② Drag the chunk to the desired position and release the mouse button. If you want to see the height, width, number of colors, and the number of color planes used in the chunk before insertion, select the Info switch in the Paste From dialog box to obtain this information.
　　 ③ Press the mouse button outside the chunk to insert it into the drawing area.
　　 As described above are the basic characteristics of Paintbrush. Paintbrush also has many other characteristics, including:
　　 ·Zoom in, zoom out, invert, and skew the defined chunk.
　　 ·Invert the colors in the chunk.
　　 ·Generate pictures with more details, etc., so that you can generate more beautiful page layouts.

VI. Practical Applications of Windows 3.1

(1) Using WPS under Windows 3.1

Activate the Main icon with the mouse, select the MS-DOS Prompt icon to make Windows enter the DOS command line state C>. Please note the prompt information on the screen at this time:

□ Type EXIT and press Enter to exit the application and return to Windows.

□ Press ALT+TAB to switch tasks.

□ Press ALT+ENTER to switch between full-screen and window modes.

Now you can use Super-CCDOS, WPS, SPT, and Chinese character DBASE in the usual way.

Enter the WPS subdirectory and type:

SPDOS

Then enter the Chinese character system, and then you can load additional input method modules, etc.

If it is simply text processing, after entering the WPS subdirectory, the user can directly type:

WPS

Because WPS.EXE has the function of automatically searching and loading SPDOS.COM in the current directory (SPT.EXE does not have this function). However, when exiting WPS, SPDOS is automatically unloaded.

This method is simple and easy to implement, and is not much different from using Super-CCDOS in the usual situation.

If you need this method to support background running (or printing), please press ALT+Spacebar and then modify the content of the Settings item. Under the control and management of Windows' powerful functions, the system gets virtual storage space several times the physical memory, can load more tasks, improve CPU utilization, and can even use ALT+TAB to switch between Windows tasks, and use ALT+ENTER to make CCDOS, WPS, SPT, DBASE run in one window (at this time the speed is greatly reduced, it is best to run in full-screen), and more importantly, now you can provide Chinese character graphics and text data to Windows at any time.

1. Windows Using Chinese Character Graphics and Text Data Provided by WPS and SPT

Western Windows itself cannot directly process Chinese character graphics and text data. But WPS and SPT just make up for this shortcoming. WPS and SPT act as the role of "semi-finished product raw material processing plants" here, and can provide "Chinese character raw materials" for Windows applications such as Paint, brush, Write, etc., and then through their processing, you can get beautiful documents with rich colors and pictures. Take providing data for Paintbrush as an example to introduce below.

First, call up Paintbrush in the Program Manager. Then enter WPS, when simulating display, press the Pause key for the screen of interest, and then press the Print Screen key. At this time, the Chinese character graphics and text information on the screen has been transmitted (copied) to the Windows Clipboard. Press the ALT+TAB key. Switch to Paintbrush. Select Edit/Paste, and the user can see the transmitted black-and-white Chinese character screen. Use various tools and palettes provided by Paintbrush, and the background and Chinese character colors of the screen can be arbitrarily changed according to your needs. The colored graphics and text screen generated by Paintbrush can be converted and used by applications such as Write. At this time, the user has a little experience of the charm of "Chinese and Western" combination.

Users can even transmit the cover or editing scene of WPS to Windows. The Chinese character graphics and text data transmitted to Windows can be output on the printer supported by the system. The method of transmitting graphics and text in SPT is basically the same as that. The above example is just a relatively simple transmission method. Graphics and text can also be transmitted in window operation mode, and there is a greater choice.

Note two points:

(1) The graphics and text information transmitted to the clipboard should be taken away in time, otherwise it will be erased by the next transmitted information;

(2) The graphic text generated by SPT cannot be directly used by Paintbrush because the file format is different.

2. About the System Configuration File

Config.sys should have the following settings:

DEVICE=C:\WIN\HIMEM.SYS; Manage XMS memory.

File=30 can open more files at the same time.

BuFFERS=20, set the buffer. If a cache driver is used, it can be appropriately reduced.

STACKS=9,256; Set a larger stack space.

Autoexec.bat preferably has:

C:\WIN\SMARTDRV.EXE; Set cache to speed up running speed.

If you want to use the mouse in WPS and SPT, there should be corresponding drivers.

Windows can provide simulated EMS memory. If there is no need, remove the EMM386 driver from config.sys.

3. Summary

The above focuses on introducing the technical details and precautions for loading WPS as a task into the Western Windows 3.1 environment, as well as the basic methods of providing Chinese character graphics and text data to Windows through WPS and SPT. Loading is relatively easy to operate, basically the same as the usual method of using Super-CCDOS, with strong adaptability, but loading requires multiple steps to complete. Users can flexibly choose according to their own situations.

These basic principles and methods are not only applicable to Windows 3.1 users, but also have reference value for Windows 3.0 users and other Chinese character systems.

Operating environment description: The used model is Super 386/40, 4MB RAM, VGA monitor, the operating system is MS-DOS 5.0, the Chinese character system is Super-CCDOS 5.2 supported by PUC-II type card, WPS 2.2, SPT 1.1, working in Windows 386 enhanced mode.

Finally, users of Founder-Super III and V type cards are reminded that because the EMS memory management of Super-CCDOS 6.0 (α, β) version conflicts with the Windows simulated EMS memory or MS-DOS 5.0's EMS386.EXE, the method introduced in this appendix cannot be adopted, otherwise the system will be locked!

(2) Using PC Tools 8.0 under Windows

A prominent performance of PC Tools 8.0 is the ability to operate most PC Tools utilities under Microsoft Windows 3.x. This section introduces the general process of running PC Tools under Windows.

PC Tools 8.0 contains two programs specially used for use under Microsoft Windows:

Central Point Scheduler and TSR Manager.

Since other PC Tools programs such as Anti-Virus, Desktop, Commute, etc. can be used under DOS, these programs can also be entered under Windows. This section will introduce how to use Windows as a working platform for PC Tools programs.

1. Starting Windows 3.x

After Windows starts, it can enter three modes: real mode, standard mode, and enhanced mode, which depends on the computer used and the version of Windows used.

1) Read mode (real mode). If the computer used is an Intel 8086 or 8088 chip, Windows will enter real mode, and Windows 3.1 cannot be run. Real mode can run all Windows programs written specifically for Windows 2.0 through Windows 3.0. In Windows 3.1, real mode is invalid. You can type win/r at the DOS prompt to force Windows 3.0 to start in real mode.

2) Standard mode. If the computer used uses an 80286 CPU, Windows automatically enters standard mode after starting. In standard mode, non-Windows applications can only run in full-screen mode. But you can switch among parallel applications. When switching to a non-Windows program, all other programs will be suspended. If the computer used is an Intel 80386 CPU, you can type win/s at the DOS prompt to force Windows to start in standard mode to obtain improved execution.

3) Enhanced mode (enhanced mode). A computer with an 80386 chip enters the default mode of Windows as enhanced mode. In enhanced mode, Windows can run Windows programs and non-Windows programs at the same time. Non-Windows programs, just like Windows programs, can run in windows of variable size, just like running in full-screen. The default setting of DOS-based PC Tools applications is to run in full-screen.

When you type the Windows startup command and press Enter, Windows displays its own mark and starts to load. If in the installation program of PC Tools, you choose to let Windows automatically load TSR Manager and Central Point.

2. Running PC Tools Programs under Windows

When installing PC Tools and its Windows applications, the installation program will automatically create a Windows program group named PC Tools. To run a PC Tools program in Windows, use the mouse to locate and double-click to select the portrait of PC Tools. Windows will open the PC Tools program group and display the portraits of the following programs:

DiskFix

PC Tools Desktop

Desktop Accessories

Directory Maintenance

CP Commute

Wipe

FileFix

System Information

PC Config

File Find

TSR Manager

PC FORMAT

View

Unformat

PC Secure

Scheduler

Central Point Anti-Virus

Windows displays the program name under each portrait. To start a program, you can use the mouse to locate and double-click to select the portrait of this program, or you can press the arrow keys to move the highlight to the name of the program you want to start, and then press the Enter key.

If the program is designed to run under Windows, such as Central Point Scheduler and TSR Manager programs, the program will open their movable windows.

In the default mode, when a PC Tools program is run in full-screen mode under Microsoft Windows, the mouse pointer on the screen is displayed as a square instead of an arrow. (Note: In a Windows window, the mouse pointer arrow will not be displayed in a PC Tools program, and what is seen is only the Windows pointer). To see the arrow-shaped pointer, edit the PIF file for each application and add the /BT parameter in the Options Parameters line of the PIF file.

If you plan to let Windows 3.1 display a PC Tools DOS program in a window, you can use the following methods:

1) Edit Windows PIF Editor, specify Windows for the Display Usage option for the PC Tools utility by modifying the PIF (Program Information File). This Display Usage option shows that the DISKFIX utility will execute in full-screen instead of in the defined window. Start this program from the PC Tools program group in Program Manager.

2) Display this program in full-screen, and then press ALT+Enter to switch to window mode.

The PIF file is stored in the WINDOWS directory, and each PC Tools program has its own PIF file name. Because Scheduler and TSR Manager are not DOS-based programs, there is no PIF file specifically established for their applications. Therefore, except for these two programs in the previous list, other programs such as DISK FIX have their own PIF files.

3. Using PC Tools Applications under Windows

The following introduces the special matters to be paid attention to when running PC Tools programs under Microsoft Windows. After opening an application from the PC Tools program group, the process of opening a certain program is always the same as starting this program without running Windows. But some programs (such as Compress) cannot be started with Microsoft Windows.

1) Commute When installing PC Tools Commute on a computer equipped with Windows 3.x, Install copies the mouse, keyboard, and display drivers COMMOU.DRV, COMMKBD.DRV, COMMDIS.DRV to the WINDOWS directory, and writes the new drivers to the appropriate lines in SYSTEM.INI. If Commute does not work properly, it may be necessary to make further adjustments for enhanced mode, memory manager, or Novell Network. Some of these adjustments are introduced below.

a. 386 Enhanced Mode (386 enhanced mode) In order for others to be able to use a computer connected to your computer through Commute. Run Windows in 386Enhanced mode (386 enhanced mode), copy the driver COMMVXD.386 from the \PCTOOLS\SYSTEM directory (or from the directory set when installing PC Tools) to the \WINDOWS\SYSTEM directory. Edit the SYS.INI file. Add a line of command in the 386Enh section: device=commvxd.386.

b. Memory Manager Program (memory manager program) If you encounter locking or system errors when running Windows remotely and there is a memory manager, you may need to remove part of the high-address memory when running Commute. Change the CONFIG.SYS file to remove the memory segment B000-BFFF.

c. Novell Network If problems occur when running Windows through Commute on a Novell Network, try to load Commute and stay in memory before starting Windows.

When the user is operating in a Windows phase, Windows TSR Manager must be loaded to answer incoming calls for Commute.

2) Compress Compress does not run under Windows.

3) Data Monitor The write protection (Write Protection), directory lock (Directory Lock), delete trace (Delete Tracker), and delete sentry (Delete Sentry) and other properties of Data Monitor are still valid when the user runs Microsoft Windows 3.x. However, the user must run TSR Manager so that Data Monitor can display a warning message when the user wants to delete or modify a file from a protected directory. If TSR Manager is not run, an alarm will be heard but no warning message will be seen.

Note: In the default mode, the PC Tools 8.0 installation program adds TSR Manager to the Windows setup file WIN.INI so that TSR Manager can automatically start every time a Windows task is started. TSR Manager can make Data Monitor and other PC Tools memory-resident programs display information in the Microsoft Windows environment when necessary.

If TSR Manager is executed, to enter a locked directory, Data Monitor will display a dialog box asking for a password. If TSR Manager is not executed, an alarm will be heard, no information will be seen, and a password cannot be entered, and the locked directory cannot be entered.

4) DiskFix DiskFix is a disk repair program. You can run DiskFix under Windows to analyze the status of a driver and generate a report about the driver. If you want to run DiskFix in Windows to repair a disk, DiskFix will display the message "This operation cannot be done while running Windows". To make modifications, you must first exit Windows.

5) PC-Cache PC-Cache is a disk buffer program of PC Tools, which can accelerate disk access by providing a memory buffer for the most frequently used disk data.

Another disk buffer program, SMARTDRV.SYS, is configured in the software of Windows 3.x. Do not use SMARTDRV.SYS and PC-Cache at the same time. Choose one of the two programs to execute. Run PC-Cache because it can automatically adjust the use of the user's computer memory for DOS programs and Windows 3.x programs.

If you plan to run Windows 3.x on your own computer, start PC-Cache with the /WIN parameter. When you start Windows, PC-Cache automatically compacts to provide more memory space for Windows. PC-Cache will also turn off the write delay feature. When exiting Windows, PC-Cache uses the buffer that returns to the original size and turns on the write delay feature.

Unless the /WIN parameter is used in the startup command, PC-Cache will not adjust its size when Windows is started, but will turn off write delay. After exiting Windows, re-open write delay by typing pc-cache/writen.

If PC-Cache is configured to create a buffer larger than 300K in extended (LIM EMS) memory. When Windows is started, this buffer is automatically invalid.

After exiting Windows, type PC-Cache\on to restart PC-Cache.

6) PC Tools Desktop When running PC Desktop under Windows, it runs as an independent program, not as a TSR. The multitasking function of Windows enables the user to use this program as much as possible if it is resident in memory.

After starting the program in a window, press Ctrl+Esc to display the Windows TaskList, and select another program from this list. Windows will switch to the other program. You can also press Alt+Tab or Ctrl+Esc and select this program from the Task List. Because Desktop runs in Windows, Desktop cannot monitor the reading and sending schedules of any email. However, this task will be completed by Scheduler.

### 7. Simplified Key Tables
This appendix lists the simplified key combinations used in the Microsoft Windows operating system. If you don't have a mouse, you can use these key combinations to run Windows 3.1. Many commands on the menu have equivalent key combinations; these keys are shown next to the menu items.

#### (1) General Windows Keys
You can use the following keys to operate Windows.

##### 1. System Keys
The following keys can be used for windows or full screen, but not for user applications.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| F1 | If the application has Help, start it. |
| ATRL+ESC | Switch to the task list |
| ALT+ESC | Switch to the next application, regardless of whether it is running or in portrait mode. |
| ALT + TAB | Switch to the next application, or hold ALT and repeatedly press TAB to switch to the next application. To return to the original application, hold ALT and ESC. |
| SHIFT+ALT+TAB | Hold ALT+SHIFT and repeatedly press TAB to switch to the previous application. To return to the original application, hold ALT and ESC. |
| PRINT SCREEN | Copy the screen image to the clipboard (only applicable to text mode for non-Windows applications). |
| ALT+PRINT SCREEN | Copy the active window image to the clipboard. |
| ALT,SPACEBAR | Open the control menu of the application window. |
| ALT,_ | Open the control menu of the text window. |
| ALT+SPACEBAR | Open the control menu of the non-Windows application window running in the window. |
| ALT+F4 | Exit the application or close the window. |
| CTRL+F4 | Close the active group window or document window. |
| ALT+ENTER | Switch between window and full screen for non-Windows applications. |
| →↑↓← | After selecting Move from the control menu, move the window. Or after selecting Size from the control menu, change the size of the window. |

##### 2. Menu Keys
Use the following keys to select menus and commands.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| ALT or F10 | Select or cancel the first menu on the menu bar. |
| Character key | Select the menu or command whose underscored character matches it. |
| ←→ | Move between menus. |
| ↑↓ | Move between commands. |
| ENTER | Select the menu or command. |
| ESC | Cancel the menu or command, or close the open menu. |

##### 3. Dialog Box Keys
Use the following keys to handle dialog boxes.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| TAB | Move between options (left to right or top to bottom) |
| SHIFT+TAB | Move backwards between options |
| ALT+character key | Move to the option or group whose underscored character matches it. |
| Arrow keys | Move the selection cursor in a group of options or move the cursor in a list box or text box |
| HOME | Move to the first character or first item in the list box or text box |
| END | Move to the last character or last item in the list box or text box |
| PgUp,PgDn | Scroll the screen or list |
| ALT+↓ | Open the list |
| SPACEBAR | Select an item or cancel the selection in the list |
| CTRL+/ | Select all items in the list |
| CTRL+\ | Deselect all items except the current item |
| SHIFT+arrow key | Expand or cancel the character selection in the text box |
| SHIFT+HOME | Expand or cancel the selection to the first character in the text box |
| SHIFT+END | Expand or cancel the selection to the last character in the text box |
| ENTER | After executing the command, select the selected item in the list, and then execute the command |
| ESC or ALT+F4 | Close the dialog box without executing the command |

##### 4. Cursor Movement Keys
Use the following keys to move the cursor or insertion point.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| ↑ | Previous line |
| ↓ | Next line |
| ← | Previous character |
| → | Next character |
| CTRL+→ | Previous word |
| CTRL+← | Next word |
| HOME | Start of line |
| END | End of line |
| PgUp | Top of screen |
| PgDn | Bottom of screen |
| CTRL+HOME | Start of file |
| CTRL+END | End of file |

##### 5. Editing Keys
Use the following keys to edit the text in the dialog box or window.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| BACKSPACE | Delete the character to the left of the insertion point or delete the selected text |
| DEL | Delete the character to the right of the insertion point or delete the selected text |
| CTRL+INS or CTRL+C| Copy the selected text to the clipboard |
| SHIFT+DEL or CTRL+X| Delete the selected text and put it on the clipboard |
| SHIFT+INS or CTRL+V| Paste the text from the clipboard to the active window |
| CTRL+Z or ALT+BACKSPACE| Undo the last operation |

##### 6. Text Selection Keys
The following keys can be used in Windows applications, but not all keys work properly. All selections start from the insertion point. If the text has been selected, cancel this selection.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| SHIFT+LEFT or RIGHT ARROW| Select one word to the left or right each time |
| ARROW | Move between group windows or portraits |
| SHIFT+UP or DOWN ARROW| Previous line or next line of text |
| UP | All text, scroll up one screen |
| SHIFT+PAGE DOWN | All text, scroll down one screen |
| SHIFT+HOME | To the start of the line |
| SHIFT+END | To the end of the line |
| CTRL+SHIFT+LEFT ARROW| Previous word |
| CTRL+SHIFT+RIGHT ARROW| Next word |
| CTRL+SHIFT+HOME | To the start of the document |
| CTRL+SHIFT+END | To the end of the document |

#### (2) Program Manager
The following keys are used for the program manager.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| An ARROW KEY | Move between group window items |
| CTRL+F6 or CTRL+TAB| Move between group windows and portraits |
| ENTER | Start the selected application |
| SHIFT+F4 | Tile the open group windows |
| SHIFT+F5 | Cascade the open group windows |
| CTRL+F4 | Close the active group window |
| ALT+F4 | Exit Windows |

#### (3) File Manager
The following keys are used for the file manager.

##### 1. Directory Tree Keys
The following keys are used for the directory tree.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| TAB or F6 | Move between the directory tree, content table, and drive portrait |
| LEFT ARROW or BACKSPACE| Select the directory on the current subdirectory |
| RIGHT ARROW | Select the first subdirectory listed under the current directory |
| ENTER | Show or hide subdirectories |
| SHIFT+ENTER | Open a window to display the contents of the selected directory |
| UP ARROW or DOWN ARROW| Select the directory listed above or below the current directory |
| CTRL+UP ARROW | Select the previous directory at the same level |
| CTRL+DOWN ARROW | Select the next directory at the same level |
| PAGE UP | Select the directory on the previous screen of the current directory |
| PAGE DOWN | Select the directory on the next screen of the current directory |
| HOME or\ | Select the root directory |
| END | Select the last directory in the list |
| A character key | Select the directory whose name matches this character |

##### 2. Files and Directories
Move between the directory tree, content table, and drive portrait.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| TAB or F6 | Move between the directory tree, content table, and drive portrait |
| PAGE UP | Select the file or directory on the previous screen |
| PAGE DOWN | Select the file or directory on the next screen |
| HOME | Select the first file or directory in the list |
| END | Select the last file or directory in the list |
| A casctoch | Select the next file or directory matching the specified character |
| SHIFT+An arrow key| Select or cancel multiple selections |
| CTRL+/ | Select all items in the list |
| CTRL+\ | Deselect all items except the first item in the list |
| SHIFT+F8 | Select non-contiguous items or cancel the selection |
| An arrow key | Move the cursor or scroll to other items in the window |
| SPACEBAR | Open the directory or start the application |
| SHIFT+ENTER | Open a new window to display the contents of the selected directory |

##### 3. Drive Portrait
Use the following to handle the drive portrait.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| TAB or F6 | Move between the directory tree, content table, and drive portrait |
| CTRL+ a drive letter| Switch to the drive matching the specified character |
| LEFT ARROW or RIGHT ARROW| Move between drive portraits |
| SPACEBAR | Change the directory |
| ENTER | Open a new directory window |

#### (4) Calendar Keys
Use the following keys in the calendar.

##### 1. Log Keys
Use the following keys in the log.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| UP ARROW | To the previous time |
| DOWN ARROW OR ENTER| To the next time |
| PAGE UP | To the previous screen |
| PAGE DOWN | To the next screen |
| CTRL+HOME | To the start time |
| CTRL+END | To entry 12 after the start time |
| TAB | Switch between the appointment area and other areas |
| SHIFT+DEL | Delete and put the selection on the clipboard |
| CTRL+INS | Copy and put the selection on the clipboard |
| SHIFT+INS | Paste the clipboard content |
| CTRL+PAGE UP | To the previous day |
| CTRL+PAGE DOWN | To the next day |

##### 2. Monthly Log Keys
Use the following keys in the monthly log.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| UP ARROW | To the previous week |
| DOWN ARROW | To the next week |
| PAGE UP | To the previous month |
| PAGE DOWN | To the next month |
| TAB | Switch key |
| ENTER | Switch to Day View |

#### (5) Card File
Use the following keys to handle the card file.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| PAGE DOWN | Scroll to the previous card (for Card) or move to the previous index page (for List) |
| PAGE UP | Scroll to the next card (for Card) or move to the next index page (for List) |
| CTRL+HOME | Make the first card visible |
| CTRL+END | Make the last card visible |
| SHIFT+CTRL+a character key| The first card whose first character of the index line matches it |
| DOWN ARROW | Scroll forward one card |
| UP ARROW | Scroll backward one card |

#### (6) Clipboard
Use the following keys to handle the clipboard.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| DEL | Clear the clipboard |
| SHIFT+DEL | Delete the selection in the document and put it on the clipboard |
| CTRL+INS | Copy the selection in the document and put it on the clipboard |
| SHIFT+INS | Paste the clipboard content to the document |
| PRINT SCREEN | Copy the screen to the clipboard |
| ALT+PRINT SCREEN | Copy the active window to the clipboard |

#### (7) Control Panel
Use the following keys in the Windows control panel.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| An ARROW key | Move between the portrait in the control panel window, or in the Color dialog box, switch between the Basic Colors and Custom Color palette |
| SPACEBAR | In the Color dialog box, select the color in the Basic Colors and Custom Colors palette |
| RIGHT or LEFT ARROW| Move the scroll box in the Desktop, Mouse and Keyboard dialog boxes |
| TAB | Select the port in the Ports dialog box or select the port in the MIDI Setup, Key Map, Path dialog boxes |

#### (8) Help Keys
Use the following keys for help.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| F1 | Display the help content. If the Help window is already open, pressing F1 will display How To Use Help. In some applications (such as the program manager or file manager), pressing F1 will display the Help index of the selected command, dialog box option, or system command. |
| SHIFT+F1 | Add a question mark to the pointer. This function is only available in some applications. |

In the Help window, you can use the following commands.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| TAB | Move clockwise between indices |
| SHIFT+TAB | Move counterclockwise between indices |
| CTRL+TAB | Select all items or cancel all items |
| CTRL+INS | Copy the current Help index to the clipboard or copy a part to the clipboard |
| SHIFT+INS | Paste the clipboard content |
| ALT+F4 | Exit Help |

#### (9) Media Player Keys
Use the following keys in Windows Media Player.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| TAB | Move between buttons (left to right) |
| SHIFT+TAB | Move between buttons (right to left) |
| SPACEBAR | Select a button |
| LEFT ARROW | When the scroll bar is selected, move backward |
| RIGHT ARROW | When the scroll bar is selected, move forward |
| PAGE UP | When the scroll bar is selected, move backward quickly |
| PAGE DOWN | When the scroll bar is selected, move forward quickly |
| HOME | When the scroll bar is selected, move to the beginning |
| END | When the scroll bar is selected, move to the end |

#### (10) Object Packager Keys
Use the following keys in Windows Object Packager.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| TAB | Move the selection cursor between the Content and Appearance windows |

#### (11) Paintbrush Keys
Use the following keys in Windows Paintbrush.

##### 1. Mouse Equivalent Keys
Use the following keys when there is no mouse.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| INS | Position to select the left mouse button |
| DEL | Position to select the right mouse button |
| F9+INS | Double-click the left mouse button |
| F9+DEL | Double-click the right mouse button |
| INS+an arrow key | Drag the mouse |

##### 2. Undo Keys
Use the following keys to undo the last operation.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| BACKSPACE | Cancel part or all of the operations since the last tool was selected. Press BACKSPACE, then drag the mouse along the partial drawing area. |
| TRL+Z | Cancel all operations since the last tool was selected |

##### 3. Movement Keys
Use the following keys to move along the drawing area.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| TAB | Counterclockwise, along the Toolbox, Linesize, Palette, and drawing area |
| SHIFT+TAB | Clockwise, along the Toolbox, Linesize, Palette, and drawing area |
| SHIFT+HOME | To the left of the drawing area |
| SHIFT +END | To the right of the drawing area |
| PAGE UP | Previous screen |
| PAGE DOWN | Next screen |
| HOME | To the top of the drawing area |
| END | To the bottom of the drawing area |
| SHIFT+LEFT ARROW | Move left one grid |
| SHIFT+RIGHT ARROW | Move right one grid |
| SHIFT+UP ARROW | Move up one grid |
| SHIFT+DOWN ARROW | Move down one grid |
| SHIFT+PAGE UP | Move left one screen |
| SHIFT+PAGE DOWN | Move right one screen |

#### (12) PIF Editor Keys
Use the following keys in the Windows PIF editor.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| TAB | Move between options |
| SHIFT+TAB | Move counterclockwise between options |
| ALT+a letter key | Move between options and groups whose underscored letters match it |
| an arrow key | Move between options in the group |
| SPACEBAR | Select or clear the check box |

#### (13) Sound Recorder Keys
Use the following keys in Windows Sound Recorder.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| TAB | Move between options (left to right) |
| SHIFT+TAB | Move between options (right to left) |
| SPACEBAR | Select the option |
| LEFT ARROW OR RIGHT ARROW| Move forward and backward when the scroll bar is selected |
| PAGE UP | Move back one second when the scroll bar is selected |
| PAGE DOWN | Move forward one second when the scroll bar is selected |
| HOME | Move to the beginning when the scroll bar is selected |
| END | Move to the end when the scroll bar is selected |

#### (14) Write Keys
Use the following keys in Windows Write. The "5" in the key combination represents 5 on the numeric keypad. Refer to the "Cursor Movement Keys" and "Text Selection Keys" in the "General Windows Keys" earlier in this appendix.

##### 1. Movement Keys

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| 5+RIGHT ARROW | Move to the next sentence |
| 5+LEFT ARROW | Move to the previous sentence |
| 5+DOWN ARROW | Move to the next paragraph |
| 5+UP ARROW | Move to the previous paragraph |
| 5+PAGE DOWN | Move to the next paragraph according to the page break |
| 5+PAGE UP | Move to the previous paragraph according to the page break |

##### 2. Editing Keys
Use the following keys to edit the text.

| Key | Function |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| CTRL+ENTER | Insert a page break |
| SHIFT+DEL | Delete and put a selection on the clipboard |
| CTRL+INS | Copy and put a selection on the clipboard |
| SHIFT+INS | Paste the clipboard content to the document |
| CTRL+Z OR ALT+BACKSPACE| Undo the last operation |
| DOWN ARROW | When the cursor is at the top left corner of the image, select it |
| An arrow key | Move the Size Picture cursor; after selecting the Move Picture command from the Edit menu, move an image |
| CTRL+SHIFT+ | Insert a hyphen |
| ALT+F6 | Switch between the document and Find, Replace; switch between the Header or Footer window and Page Header and Page Footer |