China DOS Union

xiaoyuxyc
2015-11-30 19:42
1. Trigger, shorting the power-on pin (power button) will have a 3.3-0-3.3 transition signal on the IO.
2. Request power-on, after the IO receives the signal, it will send the PWRBNT# signal to the South Bridge to request power-on.
3. Allow power-on, after the South Bridge receives PWRBNT#, it sends the SLP_3# signal to the IO, indicating that power-on is allowed.
4. Power-on, the IO sends a continuously low-level signal to the ATX power supply green wire, and the power supply outputs various main powers.
5. At this point, the hard boot of the motherboard is completed (power-on part).
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Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware

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Views: 179
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Updated: 2014-08-18 11:23
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Tags: Hardware

Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware 1
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware 2
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware 3
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware 4
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware 5
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware 6
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware 7

Step by Step

Motherboard Basics
Methods/Steps

1

The motherboard is the performance framework of a desktop computer, which organically connects performance components such as the CPU and memory. The quality of the motherboard in the entire machine is crucial.
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware
2

First, let's take a look at the CPU socket.
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware
3

The one with the "Attention!" yellow label in the above picture is the CPU socket.

The data flow of the CPU needs to pass through the North Bridge chip. The North Bridge chip is hidden under the heat sink on the left side of the CPU socket.

The CPU itself also needs cooling. So the CPU has its own independent heat sink.
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware

A Zalman AMD heat sink
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware

The effect after installation is as shown in the figure.

The power supply of the CPU is a topic of concern for players. Because the quality of the CPU power supply on the current motherboard reflects the quality of the motherboard to a certain extent.
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware

CPU power supply module

The "N-phase power supply" often heard from players refers to the number of phases of the power supply module. Generally speaking, one phase = one inductor + 1-3 capacitors + 3 Hall elements.

Now, most motherboards are 4+1 phase power supply, and some high-end motherboards will far exceed this number.

In order to obtain a purer current, current motherboards use a combination of all-solid capacitors + ferrite inductors (the black cubes in the figure) as shown in the above figure.

The above figure shows a complete 8-phase CPU power supply system.

The group of interfaces below the CPU are memory slots.
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware

The data flow of memory processing is also controlled by the North Bridge chip, but now Intel's Core i-series processors have integrated the North Bridge chip, which greatly reduces the latency of data exchange between the CPU and memory.

Memory slots have strong restrictions on memory, and memories of different generations are not compatible. For example, the difference between the DDR2 slot and the DDR3 slot in the following figure is very large.
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware

The South Bridge chip is responsible for the data transmission in the internal function expansion area of the motherboard. The hard drive, optical drive, graphics card, sound card, network card, and media and peripheral interfaces are all controlled by the South Bridge chip.

The North Bridge and South Bridge are collectively called a chipset. Generally, the name of the chipset is named after the North Bridge chip.

Above the South Bridge chip is the internal main function expansion area of the motherboard - the PCI slot area.
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware

The PCI technology makes the motherboard have stronger expandability. From the above figure, we can see a PCI slot responsible for media data, two PCI-E 1X slots responsible for expanding ports, and four PCI-E 2.0 16X slots specially for graphics cards. It should be noted that having several PCI-E 2.0 16X slots does not mean that several graphics cards can be interconnected.

Since the network card, sound card, and data ports are now integrated on the motherboard, the PCI slot and PCI-E 1X slot are just placeholder roles.

Next, let's introduce some relatively important data interfaces and components on the motherboard.
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware

The blue interface on the far right in the above figure is the IDE data interface, which is an earlier data port, mainly responsible for the data exchange between the hard drive and the optical drive. If the IDE port is connected to the hard drive, it is also called the PATA interface at this time. Currently, the IDE interface is gradually being replaced by the SATA interface.

The four adjacent white interfaces are SATA2.0 interfaces. This is the most widely used data interface for optical drives and hard drives at present. The SATA2.0 technology has a faster speed and lower energy consumption than the IDE technology.

The two black interfaces to the left of the SATA2.0 interface are the latest SATA3.0 interfaces. SATA3.0 has almost comparable read and write speeds to SSDs and proud low power consumption, and its cost-effectiveness is also far higher than SSDs, receiving enthusiastic praise from players.

The two black chips next to the capacitor in Figure 11 are the most critical components on the motherboard - Dual BIOS. They are the nerve center of the entire motherboard and also the nerve center of the entire desktop computer. They are powered by an independent 3V button battery.

Finally, let's take a look at the external data ports of the motherboard.
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware

The above figure is an external data port of an integrated motherboard, and the so-called integrated motherboard is a motherboard with an integrated graphics card.
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware

A non-integrated motherboard with a USB3.0 interface

Now some motherboards are equipped with the most advanced USB3.0 interface. Its actual transmission speed can reach 30MB/s, the same as that of a desktop hard drive, which is 15 times that of USB2.0.

Appearance difference between USB2.0 and USB3.0
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware
Understanding Computers from Scratch: Desktop Hardware
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Answerer's Adoption

CPU Memory Input/Output Control System Input/Output Device Composition

Arithmetic Unit Memory Controller Input Device, Output Device Composition

.........This is concept replacement. I'll segment it for you like this and you should understand it? It's all corresponding. Just the names are different.

【From a logical function perspective, it can be divided into】

Controller, Arithmetic Unit, Memory, Input Device, Output Device five parts.

Generally, the are collectively called the Central Processing Unit (CPU).

====================================================================

The classification is correct, but the formal and rigorous term should be

【Von Neumann Architecture】

Controller, Arithmetic Unit, Memory, Input Device, Output Device.

Asker's Evaluation

Thank you

Share
Comments(2) | 121 2

Pan Zhanfeng | Level 11, Adoption Rate 30%

Good at: Not customized yet
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[ Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2016-5-31 at 00:46 ]

Is the Linux boot partition just /boot?
Share | 2009-05-15 18:20 Jin Jiabao | Views 2577 times
Operating system Linux

My computer has both XP and Linux coexisting.
Originally, because there was no disc, I used hard disk installation of Linux. Among them, I actually installed grub under XP to boot Linux installation. Now the hard disk space is not enough, and I plan to delete the space occupied by XP and then allocate it to Linux.
But I found that under Linux /boot is mounted on /dev/hda2.
But #fdisk -l found that the boot partition is on the original XP - occupied /dev/hda1. Because the boot partition is in hda1, it causes me to be unable to directly allocate the partition space to Linux for use.
Now there is a confusion: can the boot partition and the /boot directory be on two hard disk devices? Then which partition is effective? In the /boot/grub/fstab file, the identified boot partition is hda2.
I don't understand...
Friends, please see how to solve the problem of allocating space in the current state, and also the problem of the boot partition.

2009-05-15 20:58 Netizen adoption

Your description is a bit messy...

The boot partition is just a conceptual idea.
Generally, in Linux, the boot partition represents the partition that contains the kernel.
The kernel is placed in /boot, so /boot is understood as the boot partition.

The Linux kernel itself cannot start by itself. It needs an external bootloader program. Now grub is used (the old lilo has been abandoned). The startup of grub should be started from the startup method of IBM/PC compatible machines...

Ignoring the startup of floppy disks and CDs, directly talking about the hard disk, the startup sequence is BIOS -> the program in the 0th sector of track 0, cylinder 0, head 0 of the boot hard disk (understand it as the very beginning of the hard disk) -> the MBR program runs the secondary boot program -> the system's startup program -> starts the system.
The sector where the MBR is located is called the MBR sector. The content inside is the master boot record (the original meaning of MBR). One sector is 512 bytes. The program here is only 446 bytes. The next 4*16 bytes are the primary partition table, with 4 positions in total, plus a 2-byte 55AA flag.
The thing that really starts the computer is here, but 446 bytes can't start a large system, so here is a transition program. The transition program of Windows is to find the partition marked as "active" in the primary partition table and start the program in the super block of this partition (similar to the MBR program, but there is no limit of 446 bytes, so it can realize system startup).
The program of GRUB in the MBR is a transition program that continues to start the later program code (stage2) of GRUB according to the settings. Thus, it starts to enter the environment with complete GRUB functions, reads the Linux kernel and runs the kernel. The startup of GRUB does not need partition support in some stages, and this can bypass many problems. But there are also many problems...

Now talk about the problem of the boot partition:
The boot partition of Windows is the "active partition" in the primary partition table. If your C is not an active partition, then your Windows cannot start.
The characteristics of GRUB lead to a problem: as long as GRUB can be started and GRUB can continue to start the Linux kernel, then no other requirements are needed (Windows must have a primary partition C to place NTLDR, because its MBR program is too simple, a problem of design concept...).

So, Linux can actually not use /boot. It's just a traditional habit.

You can think that the partition that can start grub and store the kernel is the boot partition of Linux.
But grub and the kernel can be in two different places. At this time, you'd better understand the boot partition as the partition where GRUB is placed.

Regarding the problem of the partition capacity of your disk:
The / partition of Linux must be of the Linux partition type, that is, it needs to be formatted into a partition that Windows does not support. How do you delete the space occupied by XP? This needs to re-partition (PQ Magic can shrink your XP partition and divide the freed-up space into a new partition). So if your hda1 is given to Linux, it can only be formatted or split into a new partition to give to Linux.
But there is still a problem: how was your previous Linux partition planned? Maybe the new partition here cannot be merged into your Linux partition.

You may have installed GRUB to the MBR now, but what you see in fdisk -l is actually the active partition of Windows. GRUB startup ignores the "active" partition. It directly looks for the partition where GRUB is located.

[ Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2016-5-31 at 23:16 ]

mbr
（Master Boot Record (MBR)）
Edit

MBR, namely the master boot record, is a segment of the boot sector at the very front of a hard disk or removable disk partition for IBM-compatible computers. The concept of MBR came into being after PC DOS 2.0 supported hard disks in 1983.
MBR describes the information of logical partitions, including the file system and organization. In addition, MBR also contains the executable code for the operating system to be loaded in the second stage of startup or the boot record (VBR) connecting each partition. This MBR code is usually called the boot program.
Because the maximum addressable storage space of the MBR partition table is only 2Tb (232×512 bytes). Therefore, with the emergence of large hard disks, the MBR partition method is gradually replaced by the GUID partition table.
MBR cannot exist in non-partitionable media such as floppy disks, etc.

Chinese Name
Master Boot Record
English Name
Master Boot Record

Abbreviation
MBR
Establishment Time
1983
Nature
Master boot record of hard disk

Table of Contents

1 Partition Analysis
2 Notice
3 Call Parameters
4 Composition of MBR
5 MBR Repair

Partition Analysis
Edit
MBR, full name is Master Boot Record, that is, the master boot record of the hard disk.
For easy understanding, MBR is generally divided into broad and narrow senses: the broad sense of MBR includes the entire sector (boot program, partition table and separation identifier), that is, the above-mentioned master boot record; while the narrow sense of MBR only refers to the boot program.
The 0 cylinder, 0 head, 1 sector of the hard disk is called the master boot sector (also called master boot record MBR). It is composed of three parts: the master boot program, the hard disk partition table DPT (Disk Partition table) and the partition effective flag. In the master boot sector of a total of 512 bytes, the master boot program (boot loader) accounts for 446 bytes, the second part is the Partition table area (partition table), that is, DPT, accounting for 64 bytes, how many partitions are in the hard disk and the size of each partition are recorded in it. The third part is the magic number, accounting for 2 bytes, fixed as 0xAA55 or 0x55AA, which depends on the processor type . If it is a little-endian processor (such as Intel series), then this value is 0xAA55; if it is a big-endian processor (such as Motorola6800), then this value is 0x55AA.
Standard MBR Structure
Address

Description

Length
Hex

Oct

Dec

(Byte)
0

0

0

Code area

440
(max 446)
01B8

670

440

Floppy disk selection flag

4
01BC

674

444

Generally empty value; 0x0000

2
01BE

676

446

Standard MBR partition table planning

64
(four 16-byte primary partition table entries)
01FE

776

510

55h

MBR valid flag

2
01FF

777

511

AAh
MBR, total size: 446 + 64 + 2 =

512
Notice
Edit
MBR does not belong to any operating system, and cannot be read using the disk operation commands provided by the operating system, but can be modified and rewritten using commands. For example, in minix3, you can use the command: installboot -m /dev/c0d0 /usr/mdec/masterboot to write the masterboot program into the mbr. The masterboot is usually written in assembly language. We can also use the 2nd function of INT13H provided in ROM-BIOS to read the content of this sector, and can also use the software tool DISKEDIT.EXE in Norton8.0 to read it.
Call Parameters
Edit
The call parameters for using the read disk sector function of INT13H are as follows:
Entry parameters: AH=2 (specify function number)
AL=number of sectors to read
DL=disk number (0, 1-floppy disk; 80, 81-hard disk)
DH=head number
High 2 bits of CL + CH=cylinder number
Low 6 bits of CL=sector number
CS:BX=memory buffer address for storing read data
Exit parameters: CS:BX=read data storage address
Error message: If there is an error CF=1 AH=error code
The operation of reading the 0 cylinder, 0 head, 1 sector located on the hard disk with DEBUG is as follows:
A>DEBUG
-A 100
XXXX:XXXX MOV AX,0201 (read 1 sector with function number 2)
XXXX:XXXX MOV BX,1000 (put the read data into the buffer address CS:1000)
XXXX:XXXX MOV CX,0001 (read cylinder 0, sector 1)
XXXX:XXXX MOV DX,0080 (specify head 0 of the first physical disk)
XXXX:XXXX INT 13
XXXX:XXXX INT 3
XXXX:XXXX (press Enter)
-G=100 (execute the above program segment)
-D 1000 11FF (display the 512-byte MBR content)
In the Windows operating system, such as xp, 2003, Vista, Windows7, there are interfaces provided by Microsoft to directly read and write MBR;
FILE * fd=fopen("\\\\.\\PHYSICALDRIVE0","rb+");
char buffer;
fread(buffer,512,1,fd);
//then you can edit buffer as your wish......
fseek(fd,0,SEEK_SET); //very important
fwrite(buffer,512,1,fd); //write the modified MBR into your machine
fclose(fd); //mission accomplished
Composition of MBR
Edit
A sector of the hard disk master boot record MBR is composed of 4 parts.
Hard disk MBR sector Hard disk MBR sector
·Master boot program (offset address 0000H--0088H), which is responsible for loading from the active partition and running the system boot program.
·Error message data area, offset address 0089H--00E1H is the error message, 00E2H--01BDH are all 0 bytes.
·Partition table (DPT, Disk Partition Table) contains 4 partition entries, offset address 01BEH--01FDH, each partition table entry is 16 bytes long, and a total of 64 bytes are partition entry 1, partition entry 2, partition entry 3, partition entry 4.
·End flag word, the 2 bytes at offset address 01FE--01FF have the end flag 0xAA55 or 0x55AA, called "magic number" (magic number). If this flag is wrong, the system cannot start.
The structure of MBR is as follows table
Byte offset (hexadecimal)

Number of bytes

Description
00~1BD

446

Boot code
1BE~1CD

16

Partition table entry 1
1CE~1DD

16

Partition table entry 2
1DE~1ED

16

Partition table entry 3
1EE~1FD

16

Partition table entry 4
1FE~1FF

2

Signature value 0xAA55 or 0x55AA
The specific meanings are as follows:
(1) 0x00~0x1BD: 446 bytes, containing a section of instructions to notify the computer how to access the partition table and locate the position of the operating system
The code in this part will be different due to different operating systems. Multiple system booting can be realized by using the boot code. There are two methods to realize multiple system booting: one method is to set a section of code in the boot partition with the Windows operating system, first load into the user selection system interface, allow the user to select the system to enter, and then enter the specified system; the second method is to change the boot code in the MBR, and this code directly presents a system selection interface to the user.
(2) 0x1BE~0x1FD: 64 bytes, 4 partition table entries, each table entry occupies 16 bytes, describing a partition, and up to 4 partitions can be described (this is why the MBR partition system can only be divided into 4 partitions ).
There is no order requirement for the partition table entries, that is, the first partition table entry is not required to be before the second partition table entry.
The partition table also does not require to start from the first partition table entry
(3) 0x1FE~0x1FF: 2 bytes, valid end flag 0xAA55 or 0x55AA. If there is no this flag, the operating system will think that the disk is not initialized and cannot correctly load the partition of the disk.
Partition table parameter meaning (byte)
0 Active (80) or inactive partition (00)
1 2 3 Starting head 01 Cylinder 01 Sector 00 value
4 Partition type code NTFS (07) FAT32 (0B) Extended (0F)
5 6 7 Ending head FE Cylinder FF Sector FF value
8 9 A B Number of sectors used before this partition
C D E F Size of this partition
Virtual MBR
That is, EBR (extent boot record) extended boot record
Its record table entry is the same as MBR, used to manage logical drives on extended partitions.
MBR Repair
Edit
In some cases, such as virus or improper partition operation, the MBR code segment will be damaged, and the phenomenon is that when the computer starts, there is a flash mark of one or several meaningless letters or no prompt flash mark on the black background. In the case of confirming that the hard disk has no physical failure, some simple methods can be used for recovery.

Dos command
Boot to the MSDOS prompt with any boot disk, and type the command:
fdisk /mbr
Diskgenius
Use the boot disk, whether DOS version or PE version, boot Diskgenius, then select the menu "Hard Disk"-"Rebuild Master Boot Record", and in order to avoid virus residue, you can also perform "Hard Disk"-"Clear Reserved Sectors"
Windows xp command
Under xp, you need to install the tool kit additional tools to add a fixmbr command line tool to the system. Before executing the command, first mount the faulty hard disk to a good computer, or boot the computer with the xp installation disk, and then execute the command:
fixmbr \Device\HardDisk0 Here the 0 or other numbers need to be found first through the list driver of the diskpart tool.
Windows 7 command
The repair method is the same as xp, but the command is changed to bootrec /fixmbr

[ Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2016-5-31 at 23:18 ]

Usage and Skills of the gedit Command in Linux
2012-03-16 0 comments Favorites I Want to Contribute
1. Startup:
　　Start from the menu: Applications -> Accessories -> Text Editor
　　Execute the following command from the command line: gedit
　　2. Window Description:
　　Menu Bar: Contains all the commands you need to handle files in gedit.
　　Tool Bar: Contains a subset of the commands accessible from the menu bar.
　　Display Area: This area contains the text of the file you are editing.
　　Output Window: Displays the output returned by the Shell Command plugin and the Compare Files plugin.
　　Status Bar: Displays information about the current gedit activity and context information about menu items.
　　3. Tips:
　　a. Open Multiple Files:
　　To open multiple files from the command line, type the following command and press Enter: gedit file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt
　　b. Pipe Command Output to a File:
　　For example, to pipe the output of the ls command to a text file, type ls | gedit and press Enter. The output of the ls command will be displayed in a new file in the gedit window.
　　c. Change Highlighting Mode for File Writing:
　　View -> Highlighting Mode -> Markup Language -> HTML to view the html file in color mode
　　d. Make Good Use of Plugins:
　　Document Statistics: Calculates the number of lines, words, characters, and bytes in the current file. This plugin displays the result in a "Document Statistics" dialog box.
　　Indent Lines: Indent the selected lines or remove indentation from the selected lines.
　　Insert Date/Time: Insert the current date and time in the file.
　　Shell: The text output of the shell command is displayed in the output window.
　　Sort: Sort the selected text.
　　e. Shortcuts:
　　CTRL-Z: Undo
　　CTRL-C: Copy
　　CTRL-V: Paste
　　CTRL-T: Indent
　　CTRL-Q: Quit
　　CTRL-S: Save
　　CTRL—R: Replace
　　CTRL+Tab Switch
　　CTRL+W Close Tab

Sometimes when using a GUI-based program on Linux, you have to switch between the program window and the command line window. This takes some time. Embedding a terminal window inside the program window is a good solution. I don't know if it's possible in other programs, but if you are looking for such a solution for gedit, here is a plugin - Embedded Terminal - that allows you to access the command line terminal from inside the gedit window.


Short Tutorial

After installing this plugin, users can easily access the command line while editing files.

This is a screenshot of the gedit window after the plugin is enabled:

As above, you can see that the command line operation and text file editing are integrated inside the gedit window.

Download/Installation

Follow the following steps to correctly download, install, and configure the embedded terminal plugin in gedit.

Step 1

Install the gedit plugin via the command:

sudo apt-get install gedit-plugins

Step 2

Now, in the gedit window, go to Edit -> Preferences -> Plugins and enable the Embedded Terminal plugin.

Step 3

Click View -> Bottom Panel in the gedit window

You will see an embedded terminal presented in the bottom panel of the gedit window.

The only problem is that the color scheme is not very good. For example, the white command prompt is almost invisible on the light gray background. The next step is to modify the color scheme.

Step 4

Open dconf-editor. If it is not installed, install it via the command:

sudo apt-get install dconf-tools

After installation, execute it with the following command:

dconf-editor

In the dconf editor window, go to org -> gnome -> gedit -> plugins -> terminal and uncheck the use-theme-colors option.

Step 5

Restart gedit

You can see the black command prompt on the light background.

Advantages

Easily access the terminal from inside the gedit window
As a plugin, it saves any time
Disadvantages

The color scheme problem in the initial configuration is a major issue (Note: It is estimated that the plugin author uses Gedit with a dark color scheme, so this problem was not realized. It is expected that future updated versions will solve this problem)
Summary

In any case, working in Linux is always inseparable from the command line. So, embedding a terminal in your commonly used program window is a good way. This gedit plugin is a good little tool that can save you some time. Try it, it's worth installing.
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Simple Text Editor – Mousepad
Posted on February 12, 2006 by Tsung

Gnome's default gedit is really too bulky, and it takes a while to appear every time it's opened.

When I was using XFCE before, I accidentally used Mousepad and suddenly found that Mousepad opens quickly and is very convenient. This time when I reinstalled Xwindow, I forgot this name and it was really hard to find... Quickly write it down so I don't have to search so hard in the future~

Installation method: apt-get install mousepad
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
More recently, GitHub has released Atom in open source form, formally competing with Sublime Text. Atom packs all the features you want, such as file jumping, code snippet usage, etc., and provides a full-featured editor instead of a simple edit box. Using HTML, CSS, and integrating the Node.js environment, it is easy to customize the text processing process, which is its charm. This actually involves the definition of an IDE. Our list will cover up to here at most. (LCTT Note: Well, I think the best exit from Sublime Text is Atom.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gedit under Gnome and Kate under KDE are both well integrated into the desktop system and can be personalized through plugins. For example, it is easier to perform LaTeX typesetting. Mousepad and Leafpad are more suitable for lightweight desktops, such as Xfce and LXDE. They are somewhat similar to Windows Notepad in a way. So, if you need flexibility and convenience, choose them.

[ Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2016-6-4 at 00:37 ]

Xfce Editing
Xfce is a free software that runs on Unix-like operating systems (such as Linux, FreeBSD, and Solaris) and provides a lightweight desktop environment.
Xfce is fast, lightweight, has a beautiful interface, and is user-friendly.
Xfce is composed of independent software components, which can be used separately or combined together according to needs to provide the comprehensive functions of the computer graphics desktop environment.
Xfce is written in the C language and depends on GTK+.
Chinese Name Xfce English Name Xfce Way Unix-like operating system Nature Desktop environment Feature Fast, lightweight, beautiful interface, easy to use
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
2 Application
3 History
4 Structure
5 Xfce 4.10 Release
6 Versions
▪ Xfce 4.10
▪ Xfce 4.8
▪ Xfce 4.6
▪ Xfce 4.5
▪ Xfce 4.4
▪ Xfce 4.3
▪ Xfce 4.2
▪ Xfce 4.1
7 Components of Xfce
Introduction Editing
Xfce is a lightweight Unix-like desktop system. The pronunciation of Xfce is X-f-c-e (that is, read the four letters one by one).
Regarding the design purpose of Xfce, its founder Olivier Fourdan described it as: "Quickly load and use to execute programs, and occupy less system resources".
Xfce is a lightweight desktop environment suitable for multiple *NIX systems. It is designed to improve your efficiency, save system resources, and can quickly load and execute applications.
Xfce is a desktop environment project with a long history, and you can see its presence in many USB flash drive Linux.
Application Editing
Xfce is a Linux desktop system with a usage rate second only to KDE and Gnome. With the continuous development of Xfce, more and more systems use Xfce as the desktop. Some large Linux distributions such as Debian and Fedora Core use it as an optional desktop, and Xubuntu GNU/Linux, SAM Linux Desktop, and domestic lucky8k-veket all use Xfce as the default desktop.
Xfce4
Xfce4
Xfce is not only a desktop environment but also provides a development framework for program designers. In addition to the Xfce desktop itself, there are third-party programs that use Xfce's program libraries, such as the file manager - Thunar, the text editor - Mousepad, the multimedia player - xfmedia, and the terminal emulator - Xfce4 Terminal.
History Editing
The "Xfce" project originated in 1996. The name "Xfce" originally represented "XForms Common Environment" because it initially developed using XForms as a toolkit. But then Xfce was rewritten twice and abandoned the use of the XForms toolkit. Although the name is still retained, its full English abbreviation has changed from "XFCE" to "Xfce".
Structure Editing
Xfce is built on GTK+ 2.x. It uses Xfwm as the window manager. The early version of Xfce was a bit like the commercial desktop environment CDE, but there are relatively large differences in the new version.
Xfce is a pure free software. Each independent component of Xfce is released under one of the BSD license, the GNU General Public License, or the GNU Library General Public License. Adhering to standards is a major design goal of Xfce 4, especially the standards defined above. This makes Xfce 4 can seamlessly interoperate with programs written for other desktop environments, as long as these desktop environments follow these specifications (standards).
Xfce 4.10 Release Editing
On April 28, 2012, it was announced that the Xfce desktop 4.10 was released, which is a new stable version replacing Xfce 4.8.
During the 4.10 cycle, the main focus was on polishing the desktop and improving the user experience in various ways. The highlights of this version are:
The new application finder has been completely rewritten, and the original xfce4-appfinder and xfrun4 have been combined into one.
The panel has an optional vertical display mode (desktop bar). Moreover, we can arrange panel plugins in multiple columns, which is especially useful in the desktop bar mode.
The new MIME type editor allows you to easily change the applications used to open different file types. The functions of the mouse and touchpad settings dialog box and the settings editor have been expanded. The former can better support the tablet.
Applications can be started and files on the desktop can be opened by clicking the mouse. Moreover, the 4.10 desktop can display thumbnails and automatically do so through the wallpaper list.
When dragging a window to the edge of the screen, the window manager can be configured to tile the window. The tab window (Alt + Tab) supports more flexible themes and cursor key navigation.
　　* 4.6.2
Versions Editing
Xfce 4.10
4.10 (the latest stable version released on April 28, 2012)
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[ Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2016-6-4 at 00:23 ]

Everyone knows that Lee Teng-hui is a complete Japanese from both the inner heart and legend, while Kin美龄 is a Manchu. But it's strange that these two are both obsessed with realizing Taiwan independence and are engaged in an independence cause that is not their own ethnic group. Theoretically, it doesn't make sense, but the fact is that they have been seriously and diligently working towards their goal. And what is their common goal? The answer is to jointly hate China. Needless to say about the Japanese, the Manchus are because the Qing Dynasty is no longer there. So, they completely have reasons to engage in Taiwan independence to take revenge on China.

As for the former Taiwan traitors like Su Tseng-chang and Tsai Ing-wen, because of their ancestors' actions, they can't get close to China. Why? First, it's the ancestor of a Taiwan traitor. Second, there is the history of the Cultural Revolution in China, and they are afraid that even if they get close to China, one day they will be purged in the Cultural Revolution. So, the only way out is to pursue Taiwan independence. This is the long-term plan.

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Author: Penghu Fisherman No. 2 Time: 2013-06-17 02:24:00
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　　1、Also talk about me, I speak Hokkien. In terms of language, the Communist Party of China on the mainland only advocates speaking Putonghua but has not prohibited Hokkien. But after a few years, I found that Taiwanese Hokkien retains many more colloquial words. While on the mainland, it gradually becomes Hokkien translated from Putonghua, not so authentic. For example, "热闹" is sometimes called by the Putonghua name instead of the original "闹热". That is to say, although Taiwanese Hokkien has been persecuted by the Japanese and the Kuomintang for nearly a hundred years, it is also better protected than on the mainland.
　　2、If Taiwanese people go to colonize Japan, I think the path they will take will be similar to that taken by the Kuomintang and the Japanese. They will assimilate them and tempt them to abandon their own traditions. No matter how well the Japanese did back then, the fact is that many Taiwanese people also abandoned their own traditions back then. That is to say, the Japanese's imperialization education was successful, and the protection of Taiwanese traditions was also a failure. The Kuomintang's education was a failure, but the protection of Taiwanese traditions was also a failure.
　　3、A former colleague of mine once said that if the Japanese had ruled China back then, China would definitely have become stronger. I said that then the strength would also be the Japanese's strength, and as for the Chinese, maybe they would have been caught for living body dissection experiments in some year under Japanese rule. The Japanese could colonize Taiwan well, even treating them as their own people, but the bloodline cannot be changed. Second-class citizens are necessary. Although the mainland is good to ethnic minorities, many key things are still more reliable for the people of the same ethnic group.
　　4、I once said to a Taiwanese person that the really powerful people are still the people of the Anglo-American system (British system). Back then, they could use hundreds of people to fight all over India and rule such a large place for hundreds of years, and live a comfortable life for hundreds of years. This is much more successful than the Japanese. They can also defeat many other European countries, occupy a large area of land, including good lands like North America, Australia, New Zealand, and also defeat Germany and the Soviet Union. Also, in the 1980s, they defeated Japan's economy, making Japan unable to develop for more than 20 years. At that time, that Taiwanese person still maintained the admiration for the Japanese and said that the Japanese work very seriously (some Taiwanese people do things as seriously as the Japanese). But the fact is that no matter how serious the Japanese are, the real victors are still the people of the Anglo-American system, whether in the past or now. They always use the smallest cost to achieve success. They play strategy. I have also come into contact with Japanese people, and they do work seriously, but the same problems will occur. Compared with Chinese people doing things, the quantity will be done well, but the quality may not be.
　　1、In the final analysis, it was first the poor Qing Dynasty that gave Taiwan to Japan. Then the poor Japan that sold Taiwan to the Kuomintang. Then the poor Kuomintang that gave Taiwan to the Democratic Progressive Party. The result is still poor. The son of Taiwan embezzles the money of the Taiwan mother. The descendants of Taiwan traitors like Su Tseng-chang and Tsai Ing-wen become leaders. Not to mention that Zheng Nan who sold the island.
　　2、The railways built by the British in India are still used by India after hundreds of years. They are better than the railways built by the Japanese in Taiwan. Taiwanese people don't need to hold the Japanese's egg every day. The railways they built were to transport things back to Japan, not to transport things for Taiwanese people.
　　3、The Japanese took many things in Taiwan back to Japan for use, and the Kuomintang, although poor, still put them in Taiwan for use. They are more kind than the Japanese.
　　4、My mother still can't understand Mandarin up to now. She used to watch TV on Taiwanese TV stations. If there were no Taiwanese TV stations, I guess there would be even less to watch. To put it simply, it's that the Hoklo people themselves are poor and didn't establish their own TV stations. Now it's good, every county and city has local language TV stations.
　　5、Some Taiwanese people may really have Pingpu ethnic group bloodline. But at least they have half of the Chinese bloodline. Taiwanese people only recognize the Pingpu great-grandmother, not the Chinese great-grandfather, and turn around to scold the great-grandfather as a "Zhi ren" (Chinese). Use the great-grandfather's "Zhi ren" language to scold the great-grandfather as a "Zhi ren". Also, the saying "There are Tangshan gong (Tangshan men) but no Tangshan ma (Tangshan women)" may refer to some Taiwanese people. But do you really believe that the ship can only carry men but not women to Taiwan? The overseas Chinese in Southeast Asian countries who mixed with local people back then were called "Nyonya" and so on. Only those who didn't mix can be called Chinese. Overseas Chinese have never liked to mix with local people from the past to now, and the number of Chinese people is still so large. Southeast Asia is farther than Taiwan. Even in Singapore, I haven't heard people say that Singaporeans are mixed with Malays. It's only Taiwan that is hypocritical. Taiwan is so close. Do you really think that Hokkien women are so bad that they don't even dare to take a ship? They went to Southeast Asia, but couldn't go to Taiwan?
　　1、The Japanese didn't occupy Taiwan, and it had nothing to do with Taiwan. Later, they still ruled Taiwan for 50 years. Don't say that the Qing Dynasty gave it to Japan. Would the Qing Dynasty give it if Japan didn't come to rob? Since the Japanese could rule Taiwan without anything, why couldn't the Kuomintang?
　　2、By the way, check the information about Manchukuo regarding the Taiwan Governor's Office. The Japanese buildings existing in Northeast China now are definitely not worse than those in Taiwan. There are more British governor buildings in India. And there are no Northeast Chinese and Indians holding the colonizer's butt every day. By the way, it's better to change "egg" to "butt" for better understanding.
　　3、The Kuomintang is indeed poor. I agree with your butt. The Democratic Progressive Party is even poorer. They all say they love Taiwan, but in the end it turns out to be for doing business. The Taiwan Solidarity Union is even worse, with thick-faced Japanese in Taiwan.
　　4、The current Taiwanese dramas are not bad, all in Taiwanese Hokkien. Many people in my hometown like to watch them, especially the elderly.
　　5、My home is far from the town middle school. When I was a child and went to middle school, I was bullied by people from nearby villages in the town. At that time, I also thought that if our village could be independent, it would be good. I can understand your mood of wanting independence. The problem is that there are many people opposing you. You have to defeat those who oppose you. Don't think about it if you haven't defeated them. By the way, if Taiwan becomes independent, how will Jinmen, Mazu, Penghu, Dongsha, Taiping Island and other places, as well as the Chinese national treasures in the Taiwan Palace Museum, be counted?
　　Finally, do you think the Chinese people will let a person who holds the Japanese's butt all day and opposes the Chinese people live not far from China and on the land recovered with the blood and sweat of many Chinese people? Our generation may agree, but it's hard to say about the next generation.
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Author: Penghu Fisherman No. 1 Time: 2013-04-06 21:21:00

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[ Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2016-6-13 at 16:23 ]