China DOS Union

ASCII
Edit Entry
This entry lacks entry classification. Supplement relevant content to help the entry be more complete! Edit now >>

ASCII (pronunciation: /ˈæski/ ASS-kee, American Standard Code for Information Interchange, American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a computer coding system based on the Latin alphabet. It is mainly used to display modern English, and its extended version EASCII can partially support other Western European languages and is equivalent to the international standard ISO/IEC 646. Due to the widespread use of ASCII on the World Wide Web, it was gradually replaced by Unicode until December 2007.
Chinese Name American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Abbreviation ASCII
Category Coding Standard
English Name American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Other Name ASCII Code
Function Display modern English and other Western European languages
Table of Contents
1 Brief Introduction
2 Historical Evolution
3 Code Generation
4 Standard Code Table
5 Size Rules
6 International Issues
7 Commonly Used on Keyboard
8 Code Algorithm
9 Chinese Character Coding
1 Brief Introduction Edit

ASCII
ASCII code uses specified 7-bit or 8-bit binary number combinations to represent 128 or 256 possible characters. Standard ASCII code, also known as basic ASCII code, uses 7-bit binary numbers to represent all uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers 0 to 9, punctuation marks, and special control characters used in American English. Among them:

0-31 and 127 (a total of 33) are control characters or communication-specific characters (the rest are displayable characters), such as control characters: LF (line feed), CR (carriage return), FF (form feed), DEL (delete), BS (backspace), BEL (bell), etc.; communication-specific characters: SOH (start of heading), EOT (end of transmission), ACK (acknowledge), etc.; ASCII values of 8, 9, 10, and 13 are respectively converted to backspace, tab, line feed, and carriage return characters. They do not have specific graphic displays, but will have different effects on text display depending on different application programs.

32-126 (a total of 95) are characters (32sp is space), among which 48-57 are ten Arabic numerals from 0 to 9

65-90 are 26 uppercase English letters, 97-122 are 26 lowercase English letters, and the rest are some punctuation marks, operation symbols, etc.

Also, it should be noted that in standard ASCII, its highest bit (b7) is used as a parity bit. The so-called parity check is a method used to check for errors during code transmission. Generally, there are two types: odd parity and even parity. Odd parity regulation: The number of 1s in a correct code byte must be odd. If it is not odd, add 1 to the highest bit b7; even parity regulation: The number of 1s in a correct code byte must be even. If it is not even, add 1 to the highest bit b7.

The latter 128 are called extended ASCII codes. Currently, many x86-based systems support the use of extended (or "high") ASCII. Extended ASCII codes allow the 8th bit of each character to be used to determine an additional 128 special symbol characters, foreign language letters, and graphic symbols.

2 Historical Evolution Edit
　　6000 years ago Hieroglyphics

　　3000 years ago Alphabet

　　1838 to 1854 Samuel F. B. Morse invented the telegraph, and each character in the alphabet corresponds to a series of short and long pulses

　　1821 to 1824 Louis Braille invented Braille, a 6-bit code that encodes characters, common letter combinations, common words, and punctuation.

　　A special escape code indicates that subsequent character codes should be interpreted as uppercase. A special shift code allows subsequent codes to be interpreted as numbers.

　　1931 CCITT standardized Telex codes, including Baudot #2 codes, which are 5-bit codes including characters and numbers.

　　1890 Early computer character codes were from Hollerith cards, a 6-bit character code system BCDIC (Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code: Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)

　　1960s Expanded to 8-bit EBCDIC, the standard for IBM mainframes

　　1967 American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

　　There was a big dispute over whether the character length was 6 bits, 7 bits, or 8 bits. From a reliability perspective, replacement characters should not be used,

　　Therefore, ASCII cannot be a 6-bit encoding, but due to cost reasons, the 8-bit version plan was also excluded (at that time, the storage space cost per bit was still very expensive).

　　In this way, the final character codes are 26 lowercase letters, 26 uppercase letters, 10 numbers, 32 symbols, 33 handles, and a space, totaling 128 character codes.

　　ASCII is now recorded in ANSI X3.4-1986 Character Set - 7-bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange (7-Bit ASCII: 7-Bit American National

　　Standard Code for Information Interchange), released by the American National Standards Institute (American National Standards Institute).

3 Code Generation Edit
In a computer, all data must be represented in binary numbers during storage and operation (because a computer uses high and low levels to respectively represent 1 and 0). For example, letters like a, b, c, d (including uppercase), numbers like 0, 1, and some common symbols (such as *, #, @, etc.) must also be represented in binary numbers when stored in a computer. Of course, everyone can agree on their own set of (this is called encoding) for which binary numbers represent which symbols. However, if everyone wants to communicate with each other without confusion, then everyone must use the same encoding rules. So the relevant standardized organization in the United States introduced the so-called ASCII encoding, which uniformly stipulates which binary numbers are used to represent the above common symbols.

The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is formulated by the American National Standard Institute (American National Standard Institute, ANSI), a standard single-byte character encoding scheme for text-based data. It started in the late 1950s and was finalized in 1967. It was originally an American national standard for different computers to use as a common Western character encoding standard when communicating with each other. It has been established as an international standard by the International Organization for Standardization (International Organization for Standardization, ISO), called the ISO 646 standard. Applicable to all Latin alphabet letters.

4 Standard Code Table Edit
Bin

Dec

Hex

Abbreviation/Character

Explanation

0000,0000 0 00
NUL(null)

Null character
0000,0001 1 01 SOH(start,of,headline) Start of headline
0000,0010 2 02 STX,(start,of,text) Start of text
0000,0011 3 03 ETX,(end,of,text) End of text
0000,0100 4 04 EOT,(end,of,transmission) End of transmission
0000,0101 5 05 ENQ,(enquiry) Enquiry
0000,0110 6 06 ACK,(acknowledge) Acknowledge
0000,0111 7 07 BEL,(bell) Bell
0000,1000 8 08 BS,(backspace) Backspace
0000,1001 9 09 HT,(horizontal,tab) Horizontal tab
0000,1010 10 0A LF,(NL,line,feed,new,line) Line feed key
0000,1011 11 0B VT,(vertical,tab) Vertical tab
0000,1100 12 0C FF,(NP,form,feed,new,page) Form feed key
0000,1101 13 0D CR,(carriage,return) Carriage return key
0000,1110 14 0E SO,(shift,out) Shift out
0000,1111 15 0F SI,(shift,in) Shift in
0001,0000 16 10 DLE,(data,link,escape) Data link escape
0001,0001 17 11 DC1,(device,control,1) Device control 1
0001,0010 18 12 DC2,(device,control,2) Device control 2
0001,0011 19 13 DC3,(device,control,3) Device control 3
0001,0100 20 14 DC4,(device,control,4) Device control 4
0001,0101 21 15 NAK,(negative,acknowledge) Negative acknowledge
0001,0110 22 16 SYN,(synchronous,idle) Synchronous idle
0001,0111 23 17 ETB,(end,of,trans,block) End of transmission block
0001,1000 24 18 CAN,(cancel) Cancel
0001,1001 25 19 EM,(end,of,medium) End of medium
0001,1010 26 1A SUB,(substitute) Substitute
0001,1011 27 1B ESC,(escape) Escape
0001,1100 28 1C FS,(file,separator) File separator
0001,1101 29 1D GS,(group,separator) Group separator
0001,1110 30 1E RS,(record,separator) Record separator
0001,1111 31 1F US,(unit,separator) Unit separator
0010,0000 32 20 (space) Space
0010,0001 33 21 !
0010,0010 34 22 "
0010,0011 35 23 #
0010,0100 36 24 $
0010,0101 37 25 %
0010,0110 38 26 &
0010,0111 39 27 '
0010,1000 40 28 (
0010,1001 41 29 )
0010,1010 42 2A *
0010,1011 43 2B +
0010,1100 44 2C
0010,1101 45 2D -
0010,1110 46 2E
00101111 47 2F /
00110000 48 30 0
00110001 49 31 1
00110010 50 32 2
00110011 51 33 3
00110100 52 34 4
00110101 53 35 5
00110110 54 36 6
00110111 55 37 7
00111000 56 38 8
00111001 57 39 9
00111010 58 3A
00111011 59 3B
00111100 60 3C <
00111101 61 3D =
00111110 62 3E >
00111111 63 3F ?
01000000 64 40 @
01000001 65 41 A
01000010 66 42 B
01000011 67 43 C
01000100 68 44 D
01000101 69 45 E
01000110 70 46 F
01000111 71 47 G
01001000 72 48 H
01001001 73 49 I
01001010 74 4A J
01001011 75 4B K
01001100 76 4C L
01001101 77 4D M
01001110 78 4E N
01001111 79 4F O
01010000 80 50 P
01010001 81 51 Q
01010010 82 52 R
01010011 83 53 S
01010100 84 54 T
01010101 85 55 U
01010110 86 56 V
01010111 87 57 W
01011000 88 58 X
01011001 89 59 Y
01011010 90 5A Z
01011011 91 5B


01011110 94 5E ^
01011111 95 5F _
01100000 96 60 `
01100001 97 61 a
01100010 98 62 b
01100011 99 63 c
01100100 100 64 d
01100101 101 65 e
01100110 102 66 f
01100111 103 67 g
01101000 104 68 h
01101001 105 69 i
01101010 106 6A j
01101011 107 6B k
01101100 108 6C l
01101101 109 6D m
01101110 110 6E n
01101111 111 6F o
01110000 112 70 p
01110001 113 71 q
01110010 114 72 r
01110011 115 73 s
01110100 116 74 t
01110101 117 75 u
01110110 118 76 v
01110111 119 77 w
01111000 120 78 x
01111001 121 79 y
01111010 122 7A z
01111011 123 7B {
01111100 124 7C |
01111101 125 7D }
01111110 126 7E ~
01111111 127 7F DEL,(delete) Delete
Octal

Hexadecimal

Decimal

Character

Octal

Hexadecimal

Decimal

Character

0 0 0 nul 100 40 64 @
1 1 1 soh 101 41 65 A
2 2 2 stx 102 42 66 B
3 3 3 etx 103 43 67 C
4 4 4 eot 104 44 68 D
5 5 5 enq 105 45 69 E
6 6 6 ack 106 46 70 F
7 7 7 bel 107 47 71 G
10 8 8 bs 110 48 72 H
11 9 9 ht 111 49 73 I
12 0a 10 nl 112 4a 74 J
13 0b 11 vt 113 4b 75 K
14 0c 12 ff 114 4c 76 L
15 0d 13 er 115 4d 77 M
16 0e 14 so 116 4e 78 N
17 0f 15 si 117 4f 79 O
20 10 16 dle 120 50 80 P
21 11 17 dc1 121 51 81 Q
22 12 18 dc2 122 52 82 R
23 13 19 dc3 123 53 83 S
24 14 20 dc4 124 54 84 T
25 15 21 nak 125 55 85 U
26 16 22 syn 126 56 86 V
27 17 23 etb 127 57 87 W
30 18 24 can 130 58 88 X
31 19 25 em 131 59 89 Y
32 1a 26 sub 132 5a 90 Z
33 1b 27 esc 133 5b 91


36 1e 30 re 136 5e 94 ^
37 1f 31 us 137 5f 95 _
40 20 32 sp 140 60 96 '
41 21 33 ! 141 61 97 a
42 22 34 " 142 62 98 b
43 23 35 # 143 63 99 c
44 24 36 $ 144 64 100 d
45 25 37 % 145 65 101 e
46 26 38 & 146 66 102 f
47 27 39 ` 147 67 103 g
50 28 40 ( 150 68 104 h
51 29 41 ) 151 69 105 i
52 2a 42 * 152 6a 106 j
53 2b 43 + 153 6b 107 k
54 2c 44 154 6c 108 l
55 2d 45 - 155 6d 109 m
56 2e 46 156 6e 110 n
57 2f 47 / 157 6f 111 o
60 30 48 0 160 70 112 p
61 31 49 1 161 71 113 q
62 32 50 2 162 72 114 r
63 33 51 3 163 73 115 s
64 34 52 4 164 74 116 t
65 35 53 5 165 75 117 u
66 36 54 6 166 76 118 v
67 37 55 7 167 77 119 w
70 38 56 8 170 78 120 x
71 39 57 9 171 79 121 y
72 3a 58 172 7a 122 z
73 3b 59 173 7b 123 {
74 3c 60 < 174 7c 124 |
75 3d 61 = 175 7d 125 }
76 3e 62 > 176 7e 126 ~
77 3f 63 ? 177 7f 127 del
5 Size Rules Edit
1) Numbers 0-9 are smaller than letters. For example, "7" < "F";

2) Number 0 is smaller than number 9, and increases in order from 0 to 9. For example, "3" < "8"

3) Letter A is smaller than letter Z, and increases in order from A to Z. For example, "A" < "Z"

4) The uppercase letter of the same letter is smaller than the lowercase letter. For example, "A" < "a".

Remember the ASCII code sizes of several common letters:

"Line feed LF" is 0x0A; "Carriage return CR" is 0x0D; Space is 0x20; "0" is 0x30; "A" is 0x41; "a" is 0x61.

In addition, there is also an ASCII character query for 128-255. ASCII skills are convenient for querying the character corresponding to the ASCII code: create a new text document, hold down ALT + the code value to be queried (note that this is decimal)

Release it to display the corresponding character. For example: hold down ALT + 97, then 'a' will be displayed.

6 International Issues Edit
　　ASCII is an American standard, so it cannot well meet the needs of other English-speaking countries. For example, where is the British pound symbol (￡)?

　　Accent marks in the Latin alphabet

　　Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Russian using the Cyrillic alphabet.

　　Chinese pictographic characters in Chinese character systems, Japan and Korea.

　　In 1967, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO: International Standards Organization) recommended a variant of ASCII,

　　Codes 0x40, 0x5B, 0x5C, 0x5D, 0x7B, 0x7C, and 0x7D "are reserved for national use", and codes 0x5E, 0x60, and 0x7E are marked as

　　"When special characters required by the country need 8, 9, or 10 space positions, they can be used for other graphic symbols". This is obviously not an optimal international solution,

　　Because this does not guarantee consistency. But this shows how people try to encode for different languages.

Extended ASCII

1981 IBM PC ROM 256-character character set, that is, the IBM extended character set


ASCII 1985 11 Windows character set is called "ANSI character set", following the ANSI draft and ISO standard (ANSI/ISO8859-1-1987, simply "Latin 1".

Initial version of the ANSI character set:

April 1987 Code page 437, character mapping code, appears in MS-DOS 3.3

Extended ASCII characters are characters from 128 to 255 (0x80-0xff).

Double-byte character set

Double-byte character set (DBCS: double-byte character set), solving the compatibility between pictographic characters in China, Japan, and Korea and ASCII.

DBCS starts from 256 codes, just like ASCII. Like any well-behaved code page, the first 128 codes are ASCII.

However, some of the higher 128 codes always follow a second byte.

These two bytes together (called the lead byte and the following byte) define a character, usually a complex pictographic character.

7 Commonly Used on Keyboard Edit
　　ESC key VK_ESCAPE (27)

　　Enter key: VK_RETURN (13)

　　TAB key: VK_TAB (9)

　　Caps Lock key: VK_CAPITAL (20)

　　Shift key: VK_SHIFT (16)

　　Ctrl key: VK_CONTROL (17)

　　Alt key: VK_MENU (18)

　　Space bar: VK_SPACE (32)

　　Backspace key: VK_BACK (8)

　　Left logo key: VK_LWIN (91)

　　Right logo key: VK_LWIN (92)

　　Mouse right-click shortcut: VK_APPS (93)

　　Insert key: VK_INSERT (45)

　　Home key: VK_HOME (36)

　　Page Up: VK_PRIOR (33)

　　PageDown: VK_NEXT (34)

　　End key: VK_END (35)

　　Delete key: VK_DELETE (46)

　　Direction key (←): VK_LEFT (37)

　　Direction key (↑): VK_UP (38)

　　Direction key (→): VK_RIGHT (39)

　　Direction key (↓): VK_DOWN (40)

　　F1 key: VK_F1 (112)

　　F2 key: VK_F2 (113)

　　F3 key: VK_F3 (114)

　　F4 key: VK_F4 (115)

　　F5 key: VK_F5 (116)

　　F6 key: VK_F6 (117)

　　F7 key: VK_F7 (118)

　　F8 key: VK_F8 (119)

　　F9 key: VK_F9 (120)

　　F10 key: VK_F10 (121)

　　F11 key: VK_F11 (122)

　　F12 key: VK_F12 (123)

　　Num Lock key: VK_NUMLOCK (144)

　　Numeric keypad 0: VK_NUMPAD0 (96)

　　Numeric keypad 1: VK_NUMPAD0 (97)

　　Numeric keypad 2: VK_NUMPAD0 (98)

　　Numeric keypad 3: VK_NUMPAD0 (99)

　　Numeric keypad 4: VK_NUMPAD0 (100)

　　Numeric keypad 5: VK_NUMPAD0 (101)

　　Numeric keypad 6: VK_NUMPAD0 (102)

　　Numeric keypad 7: VK_NUMPAD0 (103)

　　Numeric keypad 8: VK_NUMPAD0 (104)

　　Numeric keypad 9: VK_NUMPAD0 (105)

　　Numeric keypad. : VK_DECIMAL (110)

　　Numeric keypad *: VK_MULTIPLY (106)

　　Numeric keypad +: VK_MULTIPLY (107)

　　Numeric keypad -: VK_SUBTRACT (109)

　　Numeric keypad /: VK_DIVIDE (111)

　　Pause Break key: VK_PAUSE (19)

　　Scroll Lock key: VK_SCROLL (145)

8 Code Algorithm Edit
　　In ASCII, it is defined as 01000001, that is, decimal 65. With this standard, when we input A, the computer can know that the binary code of the input character is 01000001 through ASCII code. Without such a standard, we must figure out how to tell the computer that we input an A; without such a standard, we need to re-encode on other machines to tell the computer that we want to input A. ASCII code does not refer to decimal, but binary. It's just that using decimal is more convenient. For example, in ASCII code, the binary code of A is 01000001. If expressed in decimal, it is 65, and if expressed in hexadecimal, it is 41H.

ASCII Non-printing Control Character Table

　　In the ASCII code table, only information representations of some characters, numbers, and punctuation marks are included. This is mainly because the computer was invented in the United States, and under English, we use ASCII representation enough! But under Chinese character input, ASCII code cannot be used to represent, and Chinese characters are only a common representation in China. So if we want to input Chinese characters in a computer, we must have a standard like ASCII code to represent each Chinese character. This is China's national standard code for Chinese characters, which defines a representation standard for Chinese characters in the computer. Through this standard, when we input Chinese characters, our input code is converted to the区位 code, and the font code of this Chinese character is obtained through the unique 区位 code and displayed. Of course, the 区位 code of Chinese characters is also represented in binary in the computer!

1. Conversion of binary number to decimal number

　　The weight of the 0th bit of a binary number is 2 to the power of 0, the weight of the 1st bit is 2 to the power of 1...

　　So, suppose there is a binary number: 0110 0100, converted to decimal is:

　　The following is a vertical form:

　　0110 0100 converted to decimal

　　Bit 0 0 * 20 = 0

　　Bit 1 0 * 21 = 0

　　Bit 2 1 * 22 = 4

　　Bit 3 0 * 23 = 0

　　Bit 4 0 * 24 = 0

　　Bit 5 1 * 25 = 32

　　Bit 6 1 * 26 = 64

　　Bit 7 0 * 27 = 0 ＋

　　---------------------------

　　100

　　Calculated in horizontal form:

　　0 * 20 + 0 * 21 + 1 * 22 + 1 * 23 + 0 * 24 + 1 * 25 + 1 * 26 + 0 * 27 = 100

　　0 multiplied by anything is 0, so we can also skip the bits with value 0 directly:

　　1 * 22 + 1 * 23 + 1 * 25 + 1 * 26 = 100

2. Conversion of octal number to decimal number

　　Octal is base 8.

　　Octal numbers use these eight numbers from 0 to 7 to express a number.

　　The weight of the 0th bit of an octal number is 8 to the power of 0, the weight of the 1st bit is 8 to the power of 1, the weight of the 2nd bit is 8 to the power of 2...

　　So, suppose there is an octal number: 1507, converted to decimal is:

　　Expressed in vertical form:

　　1507 converted to decimal.

　　Bit 0 7 * 80 = 7

　　Bit 1 0 * 81 = 0

　　Bit 2 5 * 82 = 320

　　Bit 3 1 * 83 = 512 ＋

　　--------------------------

　　839

　　Similarly, we can also calculate directly in horizontal form:

　　7 * 80 + 0 * 81 + 5 * 82 + 1 * 83 = 839

　　The result is that the octal number 1507 is converted to the decimal number 839.

Expression method of octal number

　　In C and C++, how to express an octal number? If this number is 876, we can conclude that it is not an octal number because no digit greater than 7 in the octal number can appear. But if this number is 123, 567, or 12345670, then it may be an octal number or a decimal number.

　　Therefore, C and C++ stipulate that if a number is to indicate that it uses octal, a 0 must be added in front of it, such as: 123 is decimal, but 0123 indicates that octal is used. This is the expression method of octal numbers in C and C++.

　　Since C and C++ do not provide a way to express binary numbers, the octal we have learned is the second way of numerical expression in C and C++ languages that we have learned.

　　Now, for the same number, for example, 100, we can express it in the normal decimal form in the code, for example, when initializing a variable:

　　int a = 100;

　　We can also write it like this:

　　int a = 0144; //0144 is octal 100; how to convert a decimal number to octal, we will learn later.

　　Be sure to remember that when expressing in octal, you cannot miss the leading 0. Otherwise, the computer will take it all as decimal. However, there is a place where 0 cannot be added when using octal numbers, that is, the "escape character" expression method we learned earlier.

Use of octal numbers in escape characters

　　We have learned the method of using an escape character '\' plus a special letter to represent a certain character, such as: '\n' means newline (line), and '\t' means Tab character, and '\'' means single quote. Today we have learned another way of using an escape character: the escape character '\' followed by an octal number is used to represent the character whose ASCII value is equal to this value.

　　For example, check the ASCII code table in Chapter 5, and we find that the ASCII value of the question mark character (?) is 63. Then we can convert it to octal value: 77, and use '\77' to represent '?'. Since it is octal, it should be written as '\077', but because C and C++ stipulate that it is not allowed to use a slash plus a decimal number to represent a character, so the 0 here can be omitted.

　　In fact, we rarely use the escape character plus octal number to represent a character in actual programming, so the content of section 6.2.4 is only for you to understand.

Conversion of hexadecimal number to decimal number

　　Binary, using two Arabic numerals: 0, 1;

　　Octal, using eight Arabic numerals: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7;

　　Decimal, using ten Arabic numerals: 0 to 9;

　　Hexadecimal, using sixteen Arabic numerals... and so on. Did the Arabs or Indians only invent 10 numbers?

　　Hexadecimal is base 16, but we only have these ten numbers from 0 to 9, so we use the five letters A, B, C, D, E, F to respectively represent 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. The letters are not case-sensitive.

　　The weight of the 0th bit of a hexadecimal number is 16 to the power of 0, the weight of the 1st bit is 16 to the power of 1, the weight of the 2nd bit is 16 to the power of 2...

　　So, on the Nth bit (N starts from 0), if it is a number X (X is greater than or equal to 0, and X is less than or equal to 15, that is, F), the size represented is X * 16 to the power of N.

　　Suppose there is a hexadecimal number 2AF5, then how to convert it to decimal?

　　Expressed in vertical form:

　　2AF5 converted to decimal:

　　Bit 0: 5 * 160 = 5

　　Bit 1: F * 161 = 240

　　Bit 2: A * 162 = 2560

　　Bit 3: 2 * 163 = 8192 ＋


ASCII　　-------------------------------------

　　10997

　　Direct calculation is:

　　5 * 160 + F * 161 + A * 162 + 2 * 163 = 10997

　　(Don't forget, in the above calculation, A represents 10, and F represents 15)

　　Now it can be seen that the key to converting all bases to decimal is different weights.

　　Suppose someone asks you why the decimal number 1234 is one thousand two hundred and thirty-four? You can give him such a formula:

　　1234 = 1 * 103 + 2 * 102 + 3 * 101 + 4 * 100

Expression method of hexadecimal number

　　If the special writing form is not used, the hexadecimal number will also be confused with the decimal number. Any number: 9876, it is impossible to see whether it is a hexadecimal number or a decimal number.

　　C and C++ stipulate that a hexadecimal number must start with 0x. For example, 0x1 represents a hexadecimal number. And 1 represents a decimal number. In addition, such as: 0xff, 0xFF, 0X102A, etc. The x in them is also case-insensitive. (Note: The 0 in 0x is the number 0, not the letter O)

　　The following are some usage examples:

　　int a = 0x100F;

　　int b = 0x70 + a;

　　So far, we have learned all bases: decimal, octal, hexadecimal number expressions. The last point is very important. In C/C++, decimal numbers have positive and negative points. For example, 12 means positive 12, and -12 means negative 12; but octal and hexadecimal can only express unsigned positive integers. If you write in the code: -078, or write: -0xF2, C and C++ do not treat it as a negative number.

Use of hexadecimal numbers in escape characters

　　The escape character can also be followed by a hexadecimal number to represent a character. For example, in section 6.2.4, the '?' character can have the following expressions:

　　'?' //Directly input the character

　　'\77' //Use octal, and the 0 at the beginning can be omitted here

　　'\0x3F' //Use hexadecimal

　　Similarly, this section is only for understanding. Except for the null character represented by the octal number '\0', we rarely use the latter two methods to represent a character.

3. Conversion from decimal number to binary, octal, hexadecimal number

　　Conversion of base 2 number to base 2 number

　　Give you a decimal number, for example: 6, how to convert it to binary?

　　Converting a decimal number to a binary number is a continuous process of dividing by 2:

　　Divide the number to be converted by 2 to get the quotient and remainder,

　　Divide the quotient by 2 until the quotient is 0. Finally, reverse the order of all remainders, and the resulting number is the conversion result.

　　It sounds a bit confusing? Let's explain with an example. For example, to convert 6 to binary.

　　"Divide the number to be converted by 2 to get the quotient and remainder".

　　Then:

　　The number to be converted is 6, 6 ÷ 2, get quotient 3, remainder 0. (Don't tell me you can't calculate 6 ÷ 3!)

　　"Divide the quotient by 2 until the quotient is 0..."

　　Now the quotient is 3, which is not 0, so continue dividing by 2.

　　Then: 3 ÷ 2, get quotient 1, remainder 1.

　　"Divide the quotient by 2 until the quotient is 0..."

　　Now the quotient is 1, which is not 0, so continue dividing by 2.

　　Then: 1 ÷ 2, get quotient 0, remainder 1 (take a pen and paper to calculate, 1 ÷ 2 is quotient 0 and remainder 1!)

　　"Divide the quotient by 2 until the quotient is 0... Finally, reverse the order of all remainders"

　　Great! Now the quotient is 0.

　　We get remainders 0, 1, 1 in three calculations in sequence, and reverse the order of all remainders, which is: 110!

　　6 converted to binary is 110.

　　Change the above paragraph to a table, it is as follows:

　　Dividend Calculation process Quotient Remainder

　　6 6/2 3 0

　　3 3/2 1 1

　　1 1/2 0 1

　　(In the computer, ÷ is represented by /)

　　If it is an exam, it will take a bit of time to draw such a table, so the more common conversion process is to use the following figure for consecutive division:

　　(Figure: 1)

　　Please compare the figure, table, and text description, and calculate by yourself how to convert 6 to binary.

　　After talking for a long time, is our conversion result correct? Is binary number 110 equal to 6? You have learned how to convert binary number to decimal number, so please calculate now whether 110 converted to decimal is 6.

　　6.3.2 Conversion of decimal number to octal and hexadecimal number

　　Very happy, the method of converting a decimal number to octal is similar to the method of converting to binary, the only change: the divisor is changed from 2 to 8.

　　Take an example, how to convert the decimal number 120 to octal.

　　Expressed in a table:

　　Dividend Calculation process Quotient Remainder

　　120 120/8 15 0

　　15 15/8 1 7

　　1 1/8 0 1

　　120 converted to octal is: 170.

　　Very, very happy, the method of converting a decimal number to hexadecimal is similar to the method of converting to binary, the only change: the divisor is changed from 2 to 16.

　　Also 120, converted to hexadecimal is:

　　Dividend Calculation process Quotient Remainder

　　120 120/16 7 8

　　7 7/16 0 7

　　120 converted to hexadecimal is: 78.

　　Please take a pen and paper, in the form of (Figure: 1), calculate the process of the above two tables.

4. Conversion between hexadecimal numbers

　　The conversion between binary and hexadecimal is relatively important. However, the conversion between the two does not need to be calculated. Every C and C++ programmer can directly convert a binary number to a hexadecimal number, and vice versa.

　　We are the same, as long as we learn this section, we can do it.

　　First, let's look at a binary number: 1111, what is it?

　　You may still calculate like this: 1 * 20 + 1 * 21 + 1 * 22 + 1 * 23 = 1 * 1 + 1 * 2 + 1 * 4 + 1 * 8 = 15.

　　However, since 1111 is only 4 bits, we must directly remember the weight of each bit, and it is from the high bit to the low bit, :8, 4, 2, 1. That is, the weight of the highest bit is 23 = 8, and then 22 = 4, 21 = 2, 20 = 1.

　　Remember 8421, for any 4-bit binary number, we can quickly calculate its corresponding decimal value.

　　The following lists all possible values of a 4-bit binary number xxxx (some are omitted in the middle)

　　Only 4-bit binary number Quick calculation method Decimal value Hexadecimal value

　　1111 = 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 15 F

　　1110 = 8 + 4 + 2 + 0 = 14 E

　　1101 = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13 D

　　1100 = 8 + 4 + 0 + 0 = 12 C

　　1011 = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 11 B

　　1010 = 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 10 A

　　1001 = 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 10 9

　　。。。。

　　0001 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 1 1

　　0000 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 0

　　To convert a binary number to hexadecimal, it is to divide into 4-bit segments and convert each segment to hexadecimal.

　　For example (the upper line is the binary number, the following is the corresponding hexadecimal):

　　1111 1101, 1010 0101, 1001 1011

　　F D, A 5, 9 B

　　Conversely, when we see FD, how to quickly convert it to binary?

　　First convert F:

　　See F, we need to know it is 15 (maybe you are not familiar with the five numbers A~F yet), then how to use 8421 to make up 15? It should be 8 + 4 + 2 + 1, so all four bits are 1: 1111.

　　Then convert D:

　　See D, know it is 13, how to use 8421 to make up 13? It should be: 8 + 4 + 1, that is: 1101.

　　So, FD converted to binary is: 1111 1101

　　Since the conversion from hexadecimal to binary is quite direct, so when we need to convert a decimal number to a binary number, we can also convert it to hexadecimal first, and then convert it to binary.

　　For example, the decimal number 1234 is converted to binary. If we want to divide by 2 all the time to directly get the binary number, it needs to be calculated many times. So we can first divide by 16 to get the hexadecimal number:


ASCII
Dividend Calculation process Quotient Remainder

　　1234 1234/16 77 2

　　77 77/16 4 13 (D)

　　4 4/16 0 4

　　The result hexadecimal is: 0x4D2

　　Then we can directly write the binary form of 0x4D2: 0100 1011 0010.

　　The corresponding relationship is:

　　0100 -- 4

　　1011 -- D

　　0010 -- 2

　　Similarly, if a binary number is very long, and we need to convert it to a decimal number, in addition to the method we learned earlier, we can also first convert this binary number to hexadecimal, and then convert it to decimal.

　　The following is an example of an int type binary number:

　　01101101 11100101 10101111 00011011

　　We convert it to hexadecimal in groups of four bits: 6D E5 AF 1B

9 Chinese Character Coding Edit
0-127 is the range of 7-bit ASCII code, which is an international standard.

As for Chinese characters, the range of ASCII code used by different character sets is also different. Commonly used Chinese character sets include GB2312-80, GBK,

Big5, unicode, etc. Here I will focus on the most commonly used GB_2312 character set.

The GB_2312 character set is currently the most commonly used Chinese character encoding standard. The GBK character set used in windows 95/98/2000 contains GB2312, or is compatible with GB2312. The GB_2312 character set contains 6763 simplified Chinese characters and 682 standard Chinese symbols. In this standard, each Chinese character is represented by 2 bytes, and the ASCII code of each byte is 161-254 (16 hexadecimal A1 - FE). The first byte corresponds to the 1-94th area of the area code, and the second byte corresponds to the 1-94th bit of the bit code.

161-254 is actually easy to remember. Everyone knows that in English characters, the range of printable characters is 33-126. Add this pair of numbers plus

128 (or set the highest bit to 1) to get the range of characters used by Chinese characters.

//The specification of GB18030 is that the first byte of a Chinese character is between 0x81-0xFE, and the second byte is in the interval 0x40-0x7E and 0x80-0xFE. Each byte is converted to an integer greater than 128.

if ((char_temp>=0x81)&&(char_temp<=0xFE))

{

if(*len

{

*len+=1；

*p_temp++=char_temp；

_putch(char_temp)；

x++；

}

}

Reference materials:
1.
ASCII code table 0-127
http://www.asciima.com/
2.
Extended ASCII printable characters
http://www.asciima.com/ascii/4.html
3.
ASCII non-printing control character table
http://www.asciima.com/ascii/2.html
Extended Reading:
1.
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
http://www.360doc.com/content/10/1207/11/3945310_75772859.shtml
2.
ASCII code table ASCII control characters
http://ascii.911cha.com/

|ASCII值|Control Character|ASCII值|Control Character|ASCII值|Control Character|ASCII值|Control Character|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|0|NUL|32|(space)|64|@|96|、|
|1|SOH|33|!|65|A|97|a|
|2|STX|34|"|66|B|98|b|
|3|ETX|35|#|67|C|99|c|
|4|EOT|36|$|68|D|100|d|
|5|ENQ|37|%|69|E|101|e|
|6|ACK|38|&|70|F|102|f|
|7|BEL|39|,|71|G|103|g|
|8|BS|40|(|72|H|104|h|
|9|HT|41|)|73|I|105|i|
|10|LF|42|*|74|J|106|j|
|11|VT|43|+|75|K|107|k|
|12|FF|44|,|76|L|108|l|
|13|CR|45|-|77|M|109|m|
|14|SO|46|.|78|N|110|n|
|15|SI|47|/|79|O|111|o|
|16|DLE|48|0|80|P|112|p|
|17|DCI|49|1|81|Q|113|q|
|18|DC2|50|2|82|R|114|r|
|19|DC3|51|3|83|S|115|s|
|20|DC4|52|4|84|T|116|t|
|21|NAK|53|5|85|U|117|u|
|22|SYN|54|6|86|V|118|v|
|23|TB|55|7|87|W|119|w|
|24|CAN|56|8|88|X|120|x|
|25|EM|57|9|89|Y|121|y|
|26|SUB|58|:|90|Z|122|z|
|27|ESC|59|;|91|[|123|{|
|28|FS|60|<|92|/|124|.|
|29|GS|61|=|93|]|125|}|
|30|RS|62|>|94|^|126|`|
|31|US|63|?|95|_|127|DEL|
Special Character Explanation
NUL null|VT vertical tab|SYN idle synchronization
STX start of text|CR carriage return|CAN cancel
ETX end of text|SO shift out|EM end of medium
EOY end of transmission|SI shift in|SUB substitute
ENQ inquiry|DLE space|ESC escape
ACK acknowledge|DC1 device control 1|FS file separator
BEL alarm|DC2 device control 2|GS group separator
BS backspace|DC3 device control 3|RS record separator
HT horizontal tab|DC4 device control 4|US unit separator
LF line feed|NAK negative acknowledge|DEL delete

英文名称 R.G.B 16色 实色效果 英文名称 R.G.B 16色
Snow 255 250 250 #FFFAFA PaleTurquoise1 187 255 255 #BBFFFF
GhostWhite 248 248 255 #F8F8FF PaleTurquoise2 174 238 238 #AEEEEE
WhiteSmoke 245 245 245 #F5F5F5 PaleTurquoise3 150 205 205 #96CDCD
Gainsboro 220 220 220 #DCDCDC PaleTurquoise4 102 139 139 #668B8B
FloralWhite 255 250 240 #FFFAF0 CadetBlue1 152 245 255 #98F5FF
OldLace 253 245 230 #FDF5E6 CadetBlue2 142 229 238 #8EE5EE
Linen 250 240 230 #FAF0E6 CadetBlue3 122 197 205 #7AC5CD
AntiqueWhite 250 235 215 #FAEBD7 CadetBlue4 83 134 139 #53868B
PapayaWhip 255 239 213 #FFEFD5 Turquoise1 0 245 255 #00F5FF
BlanchedAlmond 255 235 205 #FFEBCD Turquoise2 0 229 238 #00E5EE
Bisque 255 228 196 #FFE4C4 Turquoise3 0 197 205 #00C5CD
PeachPuff 255 218 185 #FFDAB9 Turquoise4 0 134 139 #00868B
NavajoWhite 255 222 173 #FFDEAD Cyan1 0 255 255 #00FFFF
Moccasin 255 228 181 #FFE4B5 Cyan2 0 238 238 #00EEEE
Cornsilk 255 248 220 #FFF8DC Cyan3 0 205 205 #00CDCD
Ivory 255 255 240 #FFFFF0 Cyan4 0 139 139 #008B8B
LemonChiffon 255 250 205 #FFFACD DarkSlateGray1 151 255 255 #97FFFF
Seashell 255 245 238 #FFF5EE DarkSlateGray2 141 238 238 #8DEEEE
Honeydew 240 255 240 #F0FFF0 DarkSlateGray3 121 205 205 #79CDCD
MintCream 245 255 250 #F5FFFA DarkSlateGray4 82 139 139 #528B8B
Azure 240 255 255 #F0FFFF Aquamarine1 127 255 212 #7FFFD4
AliceBlue 240 248 255 #F0F8FF Aquamarine2 118 238 198 #76EEC6
lavender 230 230 250 #E6E6FA Aquamarine3 102 205 170 #66CDAA
LavenderBlush 255 240 245 #FFF0F5 Aquamarine4 69 139 116 #458B74
MistyRose 255 228 225 #FFE4E1 DarkSeaGreen1 193 255 193 #C1FFC1
White 255 255 255 #FFFFFF DarkSeaGreen2 180 238 180 #B4EEB4
Black 0 0 0 #000000 DarkSeaGreen3 155 205 155 #9BCD9B
DarkSlateGray 47 79 79 #2F4F4F DarkSeaGreen4 105 139 105 #698B69
DimGrey 105 105 105 #696969 SeaGreen1 84 255 159 #54FF9F
SlateGrey 112 128 144 #708090 SeaGreen2 78 238 148 #4EEE94
LightSlateGray 119 136 153 #778899 SeaGreen3 67 205 128 #43CD80
Grey 190 190 190 #BEBEBE SeaGreen4 46 139 87 #2E8B57
LightGray 211 211 211 #D3D3D3 PaleGreen1 154 255 154 #9AFF9A
MidnightBlue 25 25 112 #191970 PaleGreen2 144 238 144 #90EE90
NavyBlue 0 0 128 #000080 PaleGreen3 124 205 124 #7CCD7C
CornflowerBlue 100 149 237 #6495ED PaleGreen4 84 139 84 #548B54
DarkSlateBlue 72 61 139 #483D8B SpringGreen1 0 255 127 #00FF7F
SlateBlue 106 90 205 #6A5ACD SpringGreen2 0 238 118 #00EE76
MediumSlateBlue 123 104 238 #7B68EE SpringGreen3 0 205 102 #00CD66
LightSlateBlue 132 112 255 #8470FF SpringGreen4 0 139 69 #008B45
MediumBlue 0 0 205 #0000CD Green1 0 255 0 #00FF00
RoyalBlue 65 105 225 #4169E1 Green2 0 238 0 #00EE00
Blue 0 0 255 #0000FF Green3 0 205 0 #00CD00
DodgerBlue 30 144 255 #1E90FF Green4 0 139 0 #008B00
DeepSkyBlue 0 191 255 #00BFFF Chartreuse1 127 255 0 #7FFF00
SkyBlue 135 206 235 #87CEEB Chartreuse2 118 238 0 #76EE00
LightSkyBlue 135 206 250 #87CEFA Chartreuse3 102 205 0 #66CD00
SteelBlue 70 130 180 #4682B4 Chartreuse4 69 139 0 #458B00
LightSteelBlue 176 196 222 #B0C4DE OliveDrab1 192 255 62 #C0FF3E
LightBlue 173 216 230 #ADD8E6 OliveDrab2 179 238 58 #B3EE3A
PowderBlue 176 224 230 #B0E0E6 OliveDrab3 154 205 50 #9ACD32
PaleTurquoise 175 238 238 #AFEEEE OliveDrab4 105 139 34 #698B22
DarkTurquoise 0 206 209 #00CED1 DarkOliveGreen1 202 255 112 #CAFF70
MediumTurquoise 72 209 204 #48D1CC DarkOliveGreen2 188 238 104 #BCEE68
Turquoise 64 224 208 #40E0D0 DarkOliveGreen3 162 205 90 #A2CD5A
Cyan 0 255 255 #00FFFF DarkOliveGreen4 110 139 61 #6E8B3D
LightCyan 224 255 255 #E0FFFF Khaki1 255 246 143 #FFF68F
CadetBlue 95 158 160 #5F9EA0 Khaki2 238 230 133 #EEE685
MediumAquamarine 102 205 170 #66CDAA Khaki3 205 198 115 #CDC673
Aquamarine 127 255 212 #7FFFD4 Khaki4 139 134 78 #8B864E
DarkGreen 0 100 0 #006400 LightGoldenrod1 255 236 139 #FFEC8B
DarkOliveGreen 85 107 47 #556B2F LightGoldenrod2 238 220 130 #EEDC82
DarkSeaGreen 143 188 143 #8FBC8F LightGoldenrod3 205 190 112 #CDBE70
SeaGreen 46 139 87 #2E8B57 LightGoldenrod4 139 129 76 #8B814C
MediumSeaGreen 60 179 113 #3CB371 LightYellow1 255 255 224 #FFFFE0
LightSeaGreen 32 178 170 #20B2AA LightYellow2 238 238 209 #EEEED1
PaleGreen 152 251 152 #98FB98 LightYellow3 205 205 180 #CDCDB4
SpringGreen 0 255 127 #00FF7F LightYellow4 139 139 122 #8B8B7A
LawnGreen 124 252 0 #7CFC00 Yellow1 255 255 0 #FFFF00
Green 0 255 0 #00FF00 Yellow2 238 238 0 #EEEE00
Chartreuse 127 255 0 #7FFF00 Yellow3 205 205 0 #CDCD00
MedSpringGreen 0 250 154 #00FA9A Yellow4 139 139 0 #8B8B00
GreenYellow 173 255 47 #ADFF2F Gold1 255 215 0 #FFD700
LimeGreen 50 205 50 #32CD32 Gold2 238 201 0 #EEC900
YellowGreen 154 205 50 #9ACD32 Gold3 205 173 0 #CDAD00
ForestGreen 34 139 34 #228B22 Gold4 139 117 0 #8B7500
OliveDrab 107 142 35 #6B8E23 Goldenrod1 255 193 37 #FFC125
DarkKhaki 189 183 107 #BDB76B Goldenrod2 238 180 34 #EEB422
PaleGoldenrod 238 232 170 #EEE8AA Goldenrod3 205 155 29 #CD9B1D
LtGoldenrodYello 250 250 210 #FAFAD2 Goldenrod4 139 105 20 #8B6914
LightYellow 255 255 224 #FFFFE0 DarkGoldenrod1 255 185 15 #FFB90F
Yellow 255 255 0 #FFFF00 DarkGoldenrod2 238 173 14 #EEAD0E
Gold 255 215 0 #FFD700 DarkGoldenrod3 205 149 12 #CD950C
LightGoldenrod 238 221 130 #EEDD82 DarkGoldenrod4 139 101 8 #8B658B
goldenrod 218 165 32 #DAA520 RosyBrown1 255 193 193 #FFC1C1
DarkGoldenrod 184 134 11 #B8860B RosyBrown2 238 180 180 #EEB4B4
RosyBrown 188 143 143 #BC8F8F RosyBrown3 205 155 155 #CD9B9B
IndianRed 205 92 92 #CD5C5C RosyBrown4 139 105 105 #8B6969
SaddleBrown 139 69 19 #8B4513 IndianRed1 255 106 106 #FF6A6A
Sienna 160 82 45 #A0522D IndianRed2 238 99 99 #EE6363
Peru 205 133 63 #CD853F IndianRed3 205 85 85 #CD5555
Burlywood 222 184 135 #DEB887 IndianRed4 139 58 58 #8B3A3A
Beige 245 245 220 #F5F5DC Sienna1 255 130 71 #FF8247
Wheat 245 222 179 #F5DEB3 Sienna2 238 121 66 #EE7942
SandyBrown 244 164 96 #F4A460 Sienna3 205 104 57 #CD6839
Tan 210 180 140 #D2B48C Sienna4 139 71 38 #8B4726
Chocolate 210 105 30 #D2691E Burlywood1 255 211 155 #FFD39B
Firebrick 178 34 34 #B22222 Burlywood2 238 197 145 #EEC591
Brown 165 42 42 #A52A2A Burlywood3 205 170 125 #CDAA7D
DarkSalmon 233 150 122 #E9967A Burlywood4 139 115 85 #8B7355
Salmon 250 128 114 #FA8072 Wheat1 255 231 186 #FFE7BA
LightSalmon 255 160 122 #FFA07A Wheat2 238 216 174 #EED8AE
Orange 255 165 0 #FFA500 Wheat3 205 186 150 #CDBA96
DarkOrange 255 140 0 #FF8C00 Wheat4 139 126 102 #8B7E66
Coral 255 127 80 #FF7F50 Tan1 255 165 79 #FFA54F
LightCoral 240 128 128 #F08080 Tan2 238 154 73 #EE9A49
Tomato 255 99 71 #FF6347 Tan3 205 133 63 #CD853F
OrangeRed 255 69 0 #FF4500 Tan4 139 90 43 #8B5A2B
Red 255 0 0 #FF0000 Chocolate1 255 127 36 #FF7F24
HotPink 255 105 180 #FF69B4 Chocolate2 238 118 33 #EE7621
DeepPink 255 20 147 #FF1493 Chocolate3 205 102 29 #CD661D
Pink 255 192 203 #FFC0CB Chocolate4 139 69 19 #8B4513
LightPink 255 182 193 #FFB6C1 Firebrick1 255 48 48 #FF3030
PaleVioletRed 219 112 147 #DB7093 Firebrick2 238 44 44 #EE2C2C
Maroon 176 48 96 #B03060 Firebrick3 205 38 38 #CD2626
MediumVioletRed 199 21 133 #C71585 Firebrick4 139 26 26 #8B1A1A
VioletRed 208 32 144 #D02090 Brown1 255 64 64 #FF4040
Magenta 255 0 255 #FF00FF Brown2 238 59 59 #EE3B3B
Violet 238 130 238 #EE82EE Brown3 205 51 51 #CD3333
Plum 221 160 221 #DDA0DD Brown4 139 35 35 #8B2323
Orchid 218 112 214 #DA70D6 Salmon1 255 140 105 #FF8C69
MediumOrchid 186 85 211 #BA55D3 Salmon2 238 130 98 #EE8262
DarkOrchid 153 50 204 #9932CC Salmon3 205 112 84 #CD7054
DarkViolet 148 0 211 #9400D3 Salmon4 139 76 57 #8B4C39
BlueViolet 138 43 226 #8A2BE2 LightSalmon1 255 160 122 #FFA07A
Purple 160 32 240 #A020F0 LightSalmon2 238 149 114 #EE9572
MediumPurple 147 112 219 #9370DB LightSalmon3 205 129 98 #CD8162
Thistle 216 191 216 #D8BFD8 LightSalmon4 139 87 66 #8B5742
Snow1 255 250 250 #FFFAFA Orange1 255 165 0 #FFA500
Snow2 238 233 233 #EEE9E9 Orange2 238 154 0 #EE9A00
Snow3 205 201 201 #CDC9C9 Orange3 205 133 0 #CD8500
Snow4 139 137 137 #8B8989 Orange4 139 90 0 #8B5A00
Seashell1 255 245 238 #FFF5EE DarkOrange1 255 127 0 #FF7F00
Seashell2 238 229 222 #EEE5DE DarkOrange2 238 118 0 #EE7600
Seashell3 205 197 191 #CDC5BF DarkOrange3 205 102 0 #CD6600
Seashell4 139 134 130 #8B8682 DarkOrange4 139 69 0 #8B4500
AntiqueWhite1 255 239 219 #FFEFDB Coral1 255 114 86 #FF7256
AntiqueWhite2 238 223 204 #EEDFCC Coral2 238 106 80 #EE6A50
AntiqueWhite3 205 192 176 #CDC0B0 Coral3 205 91 69 #CD5B45
AntiqueWhite4 139 131 120 #8B8378 Coral4 139 62 47 #8B3E2F
Bisque1 255 228 196 #FFE4C4 Tomato1 255 99 71 #FF6347
Bisque2 238 213 183 #EED5B7 Tomato2 238 92 66 #EE5C42
Bisque3 205 183 158 #CDB79E Tomato3 205 79 57 #CD4F39
Bisque4 139 125 107 #8B7D6B Tomato4 139 54 38 #8B3626
PeachPuff1 255 218 185 #FFDAB9 OrangeRed1 255 69 0 #FF4500
PeachPuff2 238 203 173 #EECBAD OrangeRed2 238 64 0 #EE4000
PeachPuff3 205 175 149 #CDAF95 OrangeRed3 205 55 0 #CD3700
PeachPuff4 139 119 101 #8B7765 OrangeRed4 139 37 0 #8B2500
NavajoWhite1 255 222 173 #FFDEAD Red1 255 0 0 #FF0000
NavajoWhite2 238 207 161 #EECFA1 Red2 238 0 0 #EE0000
NavajoWhite3 205 179 139 #CDB38B Red3 205 0 0 #CD0000
NavajoWhite4 139 121 94 #8B795E Red4 139 0 0 #8B0000
LemonChiffon1 255 250 205 #FFFACD DeepPink1 255 20 147 #FF1493
LemonChiffon2 238 233 191 #EEE9BF DeepPink2 238 18 137 #EE1289
LemonChiffon3 205 201 165 #CDC9A5 DeepPink3 205 16 118 #CD1076
LemonChiffon4 139 137 112 #8B8970 DeepPink4 139 10 80 #8B0A50
Cornsilk1 255 248 220 #FFF8DC HotPink1 255 110 180 #FF6EB4
Cornsilk2 238 232 205 #EEE8CD HotPink2 238 106 167 #EE6AA7
Cornsilk3 205 200 177 #CDC8B1 HotPink3 205 96 144 #CD6090
Cornsilk4 139 136 120 #8B8878 HotPink4 139 58 98 #8B3A62
Ivory1 255 255 240 #FFFFF0 Pink1 255 181 197 #FFB5C5
Ivory2 238 238 224 #EEEEE0 Pink2 238 169 184 #EEA9B8
Ivory3 205 205 193 #CDCDC1 Pink3 205 145 158 #CD919E
Ivory4 139 139 131 #8B8B83 Pink4 139 99 108 #8B636C
Honeydew1 240 255 240 #F0FFF0 LightPink1 255 174 185 #FFAEB9
Honeydew2 224 238 224 #E0EEE0 LightPink2 238 162 173 #EEA2AD
Honeydew3 193 205 193 #C1CDC1 LightPink3 205 140 149 #CD8C95
Honeydew4 131 139 131 #838B83 LightPink4 139 95 101 #8B5F65
LavenderBlush1 255 240 245 #FFF0F5 PaleVioletRed1 255 130 171 #FF82AB
LavenderBlush2 238 224 229 #EEE0E5 PaleVioletRed2 238 121 159 #EE799F
LavenderBlush3 205 193 197 #CDC1C5 PaleVioletRed3 205 104 137 #CD6889
LavenderBlush4 139 131 134 #8B8386 PaleVioletRed4 139 71 93 #8B475D
MistyRose1 255 228 225 #FFE4E1 Maroon1 255 52 179 #FF34B3
MistyRose2 238 213 210 #EED5D2 Maroon2 238 48 167 #EE30A7
MistyRose3 205 183 181 #CDB7B5 Maroon3 205 41 144 #CD2990
MistyRose4 139 125 123 #8B7D7B Maroon4 139 28 98 #8B1C62
Azure1 240 255 255 #F0FFFF VioletRed1 255 62 150 #FF3E96
Azure2 224 238 238 #E0EEEE VioletRed2 238 58 140 #EE3A8C
Azure3 193 205 205 #C1CDCD VioletRed3 205 50 120 #CD3278
Azure4 131 139 139 #838B8B VioletRed4 139 34 82 #8B2252
SlateBlue1 131 111 255 #836FFF Magenta1 255 0 255 #FF00FF
SlateBlue2 122 103 238 #7A67EE Magenta2 238 0 238 #EE00EE
SlateBlue3 105 89 205 #6959CD Magenta3 205 0 205 #CD00CD
SlateBlue4 71 60 139 #473C8B Magenta4 139 0 139 #8B008B
RoyalBlue1 72 118 255 #4876FF Orchid1 255 131 250 #FF83FA
RoyalBlue2 67 110 238 #436EEE Orchid2 238 122 233 #EE7AE9
RoyalBlue3 58 95 205 #3A5FCD Orchid3 205 105 201 #CD69C9
RoyalBlue4 39 64 139 #27408B Orchid4 139 71 137 #8B4789
Blue1 0 0 255 #0000FF Plum1 255 187 255 #FFBBFF
Blue2 0 0 238 #0000EE Plum2 238 174 238 #EEAEEE
Blue3 0 0 205 #0000CD Plum3 205 150 205 #CD96CD
Blue4 0 0 139 #00008B Plum4 139 102 139 #8B668B
DodgerBlue1 30 144 255 #1E90FF MediumOrchid1 224 102 255 #E066FF
DodgerBlue2 28 134 238 #1C86EE MediumOrchid2 209 95 238 #D15FEE
DodgerBlue3 24 116 205 #1874CD MediumOrchid3 180 82 205 #B452CD
DodgerBlue4 16 78 139 #104E8B MediumOrchid4 122 55 139 #7A378B
SteelBlue1 99 184 255 #63B8FF DarkOrchid1 191 62 255 #BF3EFF
SteelBlue2 92 172 238 #5CACEE DarkOrchid2 178 58 238 #B23AEE
SteelBlue3 79 148 205 #4F94CD DarkOrchid3 154 50 205 #9A32CD
SteelBlue4 54 100 139 #36648B DarkOrchid4 104 34 139 #68228B
DeepSkyBlue1 0 191 255 #00BFFF Purple1 155 48 255 #9B30FF
DeepSkyBlue2 0 178 238 #00B2EE Purple2 145 44 238 #912CEE
DeepSkyBlue3 0 154 205 #009ACD Purple3 125 38 205 #7D26CD
DeepSkyBlue4 0 104 139 #00688B Purple4 85 26 139 #551A8B
SkyBlue1 135 206 255 #87CEFF MediumPurple1 171 130 255 #AB82FF
SkyBlue2 126 192 238 #7EC0EE MediumPurple2 159 121 238 #9F79EE
SkyBlue3 108 166 205 #6CA6CD MediumPurple3 137 104 205 #8968CD
SkyBlue4 74 112 139 #4A708B MediumPurple4 93 71 139 #5D478B
LightSkyBlue1 176 226 255 #B0E2FF Thistle1 255 225 255 #FFE1FF
LightSkyBlue2 164 211 238 #A4D3EE Thistle2 238 210 238 #EED2EE
LightSkyBlue3 141 182 205 #8DB6CD Thistle3 205 181 205 #CDB5CD
LightSkyBlue4 96 123 139 #607B8B Thistle4 139 123 139 #8B7B8B
SlateGray1 198 226 255 #C6E2FF grey11 28 28 28 #1C1C1C
SlateGray2 185 211 238 #B9D3EE grey21 54 54 54 #363636
SlateGray3 159 182 205 #9FB6CD grey31 79 79 79 #4F4F4F
SlateGray4 108 123 139 #6C7B8B grey41 105 105 105 #696969
LightSteelBlue1 202 225 255 #CAE1FF grey51 130 130 130 #828282
LightSteelBlue2 188 210 238 #BCD2EE grey61 156 156 156 #9C9C9C
LightSteelBlue3 162 181 205 #A2B5CD grey71 181 181 181 #B5B5B5
LightSteelBlue4 110 123 139 #6E7B8B gray81 207 207 207 #CFCFCF
LightBlue1 191 239 255 #BFEFFF gray91 232 232 232 #E8E8E8
LightBlue2 178 223 238 #B2DFEE DarkGrey 169 169 169 #A9A9A9
LightBlue3 154 192 205 #9AC0CD DarkBlue 0 0 139 #00008B
LightBlue4 104 131 139 #68838B DarkCyan 0 139 139 #008B8B
LightCyan1 224 255 255 #E0FFFF DarkMagenta 139 0 139 #8B008B
LightCyan2 209 238 238 #D1EEEE DarkRed 139 0 0 #8B0000
LightCyan3 180 205 205 #B4CDCD
LightCyan4 122 139 139 #7A8B8B LightGreen 144 238 144 #90EE90

http://tool.oschina.net/commons?type=6#c_
Java Operator Precedence
Operator Precedence
postfix expr++ expr--
unary ++expr --expr +expr -expr ~ !
multiplicative * / %
additive + -
shift << >> >>>
relational < > <= >= instanceof
equality == !=
bitwise AND &
bitwise exclusive OR ^
bitwise inclusive OR |
logical AND &&
logical OR ||
ternary ? :
assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=
C++ Operator Precedence
Precedence Operator Description Associativity
1 :: Scope resolution Left-to-right
2 ++ -- Suffix/postfix increment and decrement
() Function call
Array subscripting
. Element selection by reference
−> Element selection through pointer
3 ++ -- Prefix increment and decrement Right-to-left
+ − Unary plus and minus
! ~ Logical NOT and bitwise NOT
(type) Type cast
* Indirection (dereference)
& Address-of
sizeof Size-of
new, new Dynamic memory allocation
delete, delete Dynamic memory deallocation
4 .* ->* Pointer to member Left-to-right
5 * / % Multiplication, division, and remainder
6 + − Addition and subtraction
7 << >> Bitwise left shift and right shift
8 < <= For relational operators < and ≤ respectively
> >= For relational operators > and ≥ respectively
9 == != For relational = and ≠ respectively
10 & Bitwise AND
11 ^ Bitwise XOR (exclusive or)
12 | Bitwise OR (inclusive or)
13 && Logical AND
14 || Logical OR
15 ?: Ternary conditional Right-to-Left
16 = Direct assignment (provided by default for C++ classes)
+= −= Assignment by sum and difference
*= /= %= Assignment by product, quotient, and remainder
<<= >>= Assignment by bitwise left shift and right shift
&= ^= |= Assignment by bitwise AND, XOR, and OR
17 throw Throw operator (for exceptions)
18 , Comma Left-to-right
C Language Operator Precedence
Precedence Operator Description Associativity
1 ++ -- Suffix/postfix increment and decrement Left-to-right
() Function call
Array subscripting
. Structure and union member access
−> Structure and union member access through pointer
(type){list} Compound literal(C99)
2 ++ -- Prefix increment and decrement Right-to-left
+ − Unary plus and minus
! ~ Logical NOT and bitwise NOT
(type) Type cast
* Indirection (dereference)
& Address-of
sizeof Size-of
_Alignof Alignment requirement(C11)
3 * / % Multiplication, division, and remainder Left-to-right
4 + − Addition and subtraction
5 << >> Bitwise left shift and right shift
6 < <= For relational operators < and ≤ respectively
> >= For relational operators > and ≥ respectively
7 == != For relational = and ≠ respectively
8 & Bitwise AND
9 ^ Bitwise XOR (exclusive or)
10 | Bitwise OR (inclusive or)
11 && Logical AND
12 || Logical OR
13 ?: Ternary conditional Right-to-Left
14 = Simple assignment
+= −= Assignment by sum and difference
*= /= %= Assignment by product, quotient, and remainder
<<= >>= Assignment by bitwise left shift and right shift
&= ^= |= Assignment by bitwise AND, XOR, and OR
15 , Comma Left-to-right
PHP Operator Precedence
Associativity Operator Additional Information
Non-associative clone new clone and new
Left













































Subscript
x Slice
f(arguments...) Function call
(experession,...) Binding or tuple display
List display
{key:datum,...} Dictionary display
'expression,...' String conversion

[ Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2016-2-7 at 00:05 ]

deepin Editing
Deepin, formerly known as Linux Deepin, is a Linux distribution dedicated to providing users worldwide with a beautiful, easy-to-use, secure, and reliable operating system. It was renamed Deepin in April 2014 and is often referred to as "Deepin Linux". Deepin not only integrates and configures the best open-source products but also develops a brand-new desktop environment based on HTML5 technology, a system settings center, and a series of daily-use applications such as a music player, video player, and software center.
The predecessor of Linux Deepin was the Hiweed Linux project. The Hiweed Linux project briefly suspended development for some reasons. When restarting the Hiweed Linux project, the administrators of the Deepin community (Deepin.org) and the project initiator of the Hiweed Linux project, hiweed (Leng Ganghua), announced a cooperation. At the same time, they announced that Hiweed Linux was renamed Linux Deepin and became a sub-module under the Deepin community (Deepin.org). Later, it continuously developed and became an independent project today.
The slogan of Linux Deepin is "Relieve the pain of novices, save the time of veterans". It attaches great importance to an easy-to-use experience and beautiful design, and strives to provide users with a stable, simple, and efficient operating system to achieve the goal of "making Linux easier to use".
Chinese Name: Deepin Linux (Deepin System) English Name: Deepin Former Name: Linux Deepin Origin: Hiweed Linux project Category: Linux operating system
Table of Contents
1. Development History
2. Release History
3. Deepin Desktop
4. Latest Version
Development History Editing
Deepin 2013
Deepin 2013
The history of Deepin can be traced back to 2004. Its predecessor, Hiweed Linux, was the first localized version based on Debian in China. It was renamed Linux Deepin in 2008 and Deepin in April 2014. Deepin is currently the most active Linux distribution in China. To support the long-term development of Linux Deepin, Wuhan Shenzhidu Technology Co., Ltd. was established in 2011, and a full-time R & D team was formed to support Linux Deepin. In 2011, it received commercial investment and has established the only team in China with dozens of employees focusing on desktop Linux distributions. Deepin has carried out multi-faceted cooperation with partners such as Sogou, WPS, and Maxthon to jointly build an ecosystem based on the Linux system. At the same time, we are also working hard to solve various compatibility problems in migrating Windows platform software, so that users can smoothly transition to the open and secure Linux platform.
For individual users, using Deepin not only completely eliminates the purchase cost but also will not be infected by popular viruses and trojans. For government and enterprise users, due to the open and controllable source code, there are absolutely no backdoor hidden dangers, and the security is more guaranteed, which greatly reduces the maintenance cost and the cost of purchasing protective software.
Deepin is developing rapidly, has the support of users in more than 40 countries around the world, has accumulated tens of millions of downloads, and has become the highest-ranked Chinese Linux operating system distribution on Distrowatch.
Deepin releases a new version every 6 months, twice a year, approximately in June and December each year. Starting from 11.12, Deepin provides separate ISO CD images in Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, and English. The desktop environment adopts the GNOME Shell carefully customized by the team, which is more suitable for the operation habits of most people. After the Deepin 2013 version, it is expected that the release cycle will be changed to one version per year.
Release History Editing
Version Release Cycle Remarks
Linux Deepin 9.12 December 30, 2009 Official version
Linux Deepin 10.06 July 23, 2010 Official version
Linux Deepin 10.12 December 31, 2010 Official version
Linux Deepin 11.06 July 04, 2011 Official version
Linux Deepin 11.12 December 31, 2011 Official version
Linux Deepin 11.12.1 February 29, 2012 Fixed version
Linux Deepin 12.06 July 17, 2012 Official version
Linux Deepin 12.12 June 19, 2013 Official version
Linux Deepin 12.12.1 August 07, 2013 Fixed version
Linux Deepin 2013 November 28, 2013 Official version
Deepin 2014 Alpha April 15, 2014 Experience version
Deepin 2014 Beta May 15, 2014 Experience version
Deepin 2014 RC June 14, 2014 Release candidate
Deepin 2014 July 06, 2014 Official version
Deepin 2014.1 August 28, 2014 Official version
Deepin 2014.2 RC December 19, 2014 Release candidate
Deepin 2014.2 December 31, 2014 Official version
Deepin 2014.3 April 28, 2015 Official version
Currently, the Linux Deepin team has carefully developed the Deepin Music Player (deepin music player), Deepin Screenshot Tool (deepin screenshot tool), Deepin Software Center (deepin software center), Deepin Media Player (deepin media player), etc. for Linux desktop users, which have received great attention, encouragement, and support from domestic and international communities.
Deepin Desktop Editing
The Deepin desktop environment is a product of technological innovation. The Deepin desktop environment is completely built with HTML5 technology, but it is different from the HTML5 in ordinary browsers we know. The Deepin desktop environment modifies the WebKit core code to achieve the intercommunication between HTML5 and the underlying C library. In this way, the code of the interface part is completely built with HTML5, JS, and CoffeeScript, while the underlying logic is controlled by various underlying C language libraries.
By combining HTML5 with the underlying C language library, we can not only use the traditional methods and standards for building websites to write the desktop system but also solve the problem that traditional HTML5 cannot call the operating system API through the underlying C language library.
The advantages over GNOME and KDE built with traditional technologies are mainly:
There is no need to learn additional things to develop the interface of the desktop environment. As long as you know HTML and JS, you can quickly write.
JS is more mature and standard in interface technology. Writing the Deepin desktop environment will be more flexible and efficient than the traditional GTK/QT control method.
WebKit is very stable for the underlying code. The Deepin desktop environment built with HTML5 is very stable and rarely crashes.
The HTML5/C method completely separates the interface code from the backend logic code. Any design changes on the interface will be very fast, unlike the traditional control library where the code is very rigidly associated and the efficiency of modification is not high.
Latest Version Editing
Linux Deepin 2014
The Deepin 2014 official version was released on July 6, 2014, with the brand-new Deepin desktop environment 2.0.
Overview
The Linux Deepin project has now been officially renamed the Deepin project.
The Deepin project is a Linux distribution dedicated to providing users worldwide with a beautiful, easy-to-use, secure, and reliable operating system. The Deepin team has developed a brand-new Deepin desktop environment based on HTML5 technology, as well as a series of characteristic software such as a music player, video player, and software center.
In recent years, Deepin has developed rapidly, has the support of users in more than 40 countries and regions around the world, has accumulated tens of millions of downloads, and has become the highest-ranked Chinese Linux operating system distribution on Distrowatch.
Compared with the Deepin 2013 official version, the Deepin 2014 official version has the following updates and changes:
Multilingual Support
Thanks to the efforts of translators from various countries in the Deepin community, Deepin 2014 officially provides 10 languages, and all languages are integrated in one ISO image, which is convenient for everyone to install and use.
Currently, the Deepin internationalization project is translating 67 languages (including different language families of the same language). Welcome all enthusiasts to join this project to make the Deepin system support more languages.
Deepin Desktop Environment 2.0
Deepin 2014 carries the brand-new Deepin desktop environment 2.0, matched with a specially designed Deepin theme, making the overall style and appearance of Deepin 2014 unified and simple.
The Deepin desktop environment 2.0 adds convenient functions such as user guidance, pinyin search in the launcher, and intuitive hot zone settings compared to the previous version. Users who use the Deepin system for the first time can also use it with ease.
At the same time, we have comprehensively optimized the Deepin desktop environment 2.0 and the internal system. The memory occupancy at startup only needs 500M, and the prompt mechanism of internal system messages is improved, making Deepin 2014 more lightweight and sensitive.
Control Center
The system settings in the Deepin desktop environment 2.0 have been fully upgraded to the control center, and the appearance has been changed to the way of popping up a panel on the right side of the screen, making the control center more efficient and beautiful to use.
While comprehensively improving the performance of important modules such as display, network, and personalization, the control center has added more settable functions, such as system theme management and program startup menu management.
Software and Management
Deepin 2014 adds new software such as Deepin Cinema, Deepin Translation, and Deepin Bootable USB Creator, and updates common software such as Sogou Input Method and Google Chrome, which is convenient for everyone's daily entertainment and work use.

On the basis of the Deepin 2013 software repository, a large number of third-party software have been added. You can directly install and use them by opening the Deepin Software Center. At the same time, the system supports right-click uninstallation of programs directly in the launcher. Now, whether installing or uninstalling software under Deepin, there is no need for cumbersome Root authentication, and the entire operation is strictly controlled without security problems.

In addition, the Deepin project has more than 70 software sources around the world. The function of detecting the best source in the Deepin Software Center has returned. This function adds physical location judgment, which can help you quickly select the best software source, so that you can quickly update the system and install software.
Installation
Deepin 2014 has perfectly supported BIOS and UEFI boot.

In order to reduce the installation threshold for users, we have specially developed the Deepin Bootable USB Creator (built in the system image) and the Deepin Installer. Everyone can easily install the Deepin system using these two software. For the detailed installation process, you can view the encyclopedia.
Note:
*Deepin 2014 has removed the DeepinWin (Wubi) installation mode.
*Deepin 2014 Alpha and above versions can be directly upgraded to the Deepin 2014 official version. For versions before Deepin 2014 Alpha, it is recommended to update to the Deepin 2014 official version by reinstalling the system.
*Friends using NVIDIA graphics cards please do not install the closed-source graphics card driver, otherwise the control center will not start.


Deepin System Successfully Runs on Loongson 3 Computer for the First Time
2014-11-28 10:13:56 Source: cnbeta website
16
Abstract: The author has introduced that Deepin will fully support Loongson and create the most beautiful desktop for Loongson computers. Now the transplantation work of the Deepin team has achieved a breakthrough result, and the Deepin desktop has successfully run on Loongson 3A and Loongson 3B computers.
The following are photos of the Deepin system running on the Loongson 3 computer, provided by Deepin.

Deepin System Successfully Runs on Loongson 3 Computer for the First Time

Figure 1 Desktop of Deepin system running on Loongson 3A computer

It is introduced that the "Loongson" 3B processor is manufactured with 28nm technology, has 1.1 billion transistors, and is similar in design complexity to the international mainstream. This is also the first product in China with more than 1 billion transistors. Its computing performance has achieved a significant leap, and the gap between domestic Loongson processors and market mainstream products is being greatly narrowed.
It is understood that Deepin (Deepin) is a Linux distribution dedicated to providing users worldwide with a beautiful, easy-to-use, secure, and reliable operating system. Deepin attaches great importance to an easy-to-use experience and beautiful design. Therefore, for most users, it is easy to install and use, and can also well replace the Windows system for work and entertainment. For individual users, using Deepin not only completely eliminates the purchase cost but also will not be infected by popular viruses and trojans. For government and enterprise users, due to the open and controllable source code, there are absolutely no backdoor hidden dangers, and the security is more guaranteed, which greatly reduces the maintenance cost and the cost of purchasing protective software.

Deepin System Successfully Runs on Loongson 3 Computer for the First Time

Figure 2 Screenshot of Deepin system running on Loongson 3A computer

Deepin System Successfully Runs on Loongson 3 Computer for the First Time

Figure 3 Screenshot of Deepin system running on Loongson 3B computer

From the screenshots provided by Deepin, it can be seen that a Loongson 3B 6-core CPU is running.

Deepin System Successfully Runs on Loongson 3 Computer for the First Time

Figure 4 Screenshot of kernel information of Deepin system running on Loongson 3B

The history of Deepin can be traced back to 2004. Its predecessor, Hiweed Linux, was the first localized version based on Debian in China. It was renamed Linux Deepin in 2008 and Deepin in April 2014. Deepin is currently the most active Linux distribution in China. To support the long-term development of Linux Deepin, Wuhan Shenzhidu Technology Co., Ltd. was established in 2011, and a full-time R & D team was formed to support Linux Deepin. Deepin has carried out multi-faceted cooperation with partners such as Sogou, WPS, and Maxthon to jointly build an ecosystem based on the Linux system. At the same time, it is also working hard to solve various compatibility problems in migrating Windows platform software, so that users can smoothly transition to the open and secure Linux platform. Deepin is developing rapidly, has the support of users in more than 40 countries around the world, has accumulated tens of millions of downloads, and has become the highest-ranked Chinese Linux operating system distribution on Distrowatch.

According to Deepin engineers, since the current development is still in full swing, a new development machine for Loongson 3B has been added recently, and they strive to complete all transplantation work as soon as possible. After successful transplantation, the Loongson version of Deepin is no different from the X86 version. This time, a screenshot of accessing a website with the Iceweasel browser on the Deepin system of the Loongson 3B computer is also released. Iceweasel (Iceweasel) web browser is a Debian re-release of the Mozilla Firefox browser.

Deepin System Successfully Runs on Loongson 3 Computer for the First Time

Figure 5 Browsing the Deepin website with Deepin system running on Loongson 3B computer

091035p8kt9n5nn8qtbbl5.jpg

Figure 6 Browsing the Loongson website with Deepin system running on Loongson 3B computer

Deepin System Successfully Runs on Loongson 3 Computer for the First Time

Figure 7 Browsing a website with Deepin system running on Loongson 3B computer

Deepin System Successfully Runs on Loongson 3 Computer for the First Time

Figure 8 Browsing a portal website with Deepin system running on Loongson 3B computer

The Loongson Club recently released the Loongson 3B version of the "Loongson Box" mini computer, which will also use the Deepin system at that time. The Loongson Club organizes the application for a small number of community Loongson 3B development machines. For details, you can email loongsonclub@126.com.

Deepin System Successfully Runs on Loongson 3 Computer for the First Time

Figure 9 Loongson 3B "Loongson Box" mini computer

In addition, since the earliest Loongson computers used the Loongson 2F CPU, and with the comprehensive upgrade of Loongson products, new models of CPUs such as Loongson 2H, Loongson 3A, and Loongson 3B have gradually replaced the products of Loongson 2F. Compared with Loongson 2F, the new products have better performance, higher integration, more cores, and better support for software compatibility. However, due to the large production and users of 2F laptops, it is convenient for learning and communication, and the price has dropped to a very suitable price for learning and research, so it can still play a role.

The Loongson Club is a community that has been engaged in Loongson and open-source promotion for many years. It cooperates with Zhongke Menglan, the Loongson industrialization base. Taking the opportunity of the upgrade and replacement of Loongson products, it provides the Loongson 2F Menglong mini notebook computer for community enthusiasts, which has extremely high cost-effectiveness. It is only 199 yuan, which is the cheapest Linux learning computer at present, even cheaper than the early Loongson 2F chip. Some users have already received it. The group purchase website is www.loongsonclub.com.

Deepin System Successfully Runs on Loongson 3 Computer for the First Time


Figure 10 Browsing the Loongson Club website with Deepin system running on Loongson 3B computer

netease This article source: cnbeta website

[ Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2016-2-8 at 03:06 ]

D:\>help robocopy

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ROBOCOPY :: Reliable File Copy for Windows
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Start time: Mon Feb 08 22:49:40 2016

Usage :: ROBOCOPY source destination ...]

Source :: Source directory (drive:\path or \\server\share\path).
Destination :: Destination directory (drive:\path or \\server\share\path).
Files :: Files to copy (name/wildcard: default is "*.*").

::
:: Copy options:
::
/S :: Copy subdirectories, but not empty subdirectories.
/E :: Copy subdirectories, including empty subdirectories.
/LEV:n :: Copy only the first n layers of the source directory tree.

/Z :: Copy files in restartable mode.
/B :: Copy files in backup mode.
/ZB :: Use restartable mode; if access is denied, use backup mode.
/EFSRAW :: Copy all encrypted files in EFS RAW mode.

/COPY:copyflags :: Copy file contents (default is /COPY:DAT).
(copyflags: D=Data, A=Attributes, T=Time stamps)。
(S=Security=NTFS ACL, O=Owner info, U=Audit info)。

/DCOPY:T :: Copy directory timestamps.

/SEC :: Copy files with security (equivalent to /COPY:DATS).
/COPYALL :: Copy all file information (equivalent to /COPY:DATSOU).
/NOCOPY :: Copy no file information (effective when used with /PURGE).

/SECFIX :: Fix file security for all files, even skipped files.
/TIMFIX :: Fix file times for all files, even skipped files.

/PURGE :: Delete destination files/directories that no longer exist in source.
/MIR :: Mirror directory tree (equivalent to /E and /PURGE).

/MOV :: Move files (delete from source after copying).
/MOVE :: Move files and directories (delete from source after copying).

/A+: :: Add given attributes to copied files.
/A-: :: Remove given attributes from copied files.

/CREATE :: Only create directory tree and zero-length files.
/FAT :: Create destination files using only 8.3 FAT filenames.
/256 :: Disable support for long paths (> 256 characters).

/MON:n :: Monitor source; run again when more than n changes are detected.
/MOT:m :: Monitor source; run again within m minutes if changes occur.

/RH:hhmm-hhmm :: Run hours - times during which a new copy can be started.
/PF :: Check run hours on a per-file basis (instead of per-step).

/IPG:n :: Inter-packet gap (ms) to free bandwidth on slow lines.

/SL :: Copy symbolic links relative to destination.

/MT :: Use n threads for multithreaded copying (default is 8).
n must be at least 1 but no more than 128.
This option is incompatible with /IPG and /EFSRAW options.
Redirect output using /LOG option for best performance.

::
:: File selection options:
::
/A :: Copy only files with archive attribute set.
/M :: Copy only files with archive attribute and reset archive attribute.
/IA: :: Include only files with any given attribute set.
/XA: :: Exclude files with any given attribute set.

/XF file... :: Exclude files matching given name/path/wildcard.
/XD directory... :: Exclude directories matching given name/path.

/XC :: Exclude changed files.
/XN :: Exclude newer files.
/XO :: Exclude older files.
/XX :: Exclude extra files and directories.
/XL :: Exclude lonely files and directories.
/IS :: Include same files.
/IT :: Include adjusted files.

/MAX:n :: Maximum file size - exclude files larger than n bytes.
/MIN:n :: Minimum file size - exclude files smaller than n bytes.

/MAXAGE:n :: Maximum file age - exclude files older than n days/date.
/MINAGE:n :: Minimum file age - exclude files younger than n days/date.
/MAXLAD:n :: Maximum last access date - exclude files not used since n.
/MINLAD:n :: Minimum last access date - exclude files used since n.
(If n < 1900 then n = n days, else n = YYYYMMDD date).

/XJ :: Exclude junctions. (Normally included by default).

/FFT :: Assume FAT file times (2-second granularity).
/DST :: Compensate for 1-hour DST time difference.

/XJD :: Exclude directory junctions.
/XJF :: Exclude file junctions.

::
:: Retry options:
::
/R:n :: Number of retries on failed copies: default is 1 million.
/W:n :: Wait time between retries: default is 30 seconds.

/REG :: Save /R:n and /W:n in registry as default settings.

/TBD :: Wait for share name to be defined (retry error 67).

::
:: Logging options:
::
/L :: List only - don't copy, timestamp, or delete any files.
/X :: Report all extra files, not just selected ones.
/V :: Generate verbose output, including skipped files.
/TS :: Include source file timestamps in output.
/FP :: Include full path name of files in output.
/BYTES :: Print sizes in bytes.

/NS :: No size - don't log file sizes.
/NC :: No class - don't log file classes.
/NFL :: No file list - don't log filenames.
/NDL :: No directory list - don't log directory names.

/NP :: No progress - don't display copy percentage.
/ETA :: Show estimated time of arrival for copied files.

/LOG:file :: Output status to log file (overwrite existing log).
/LOG+:file :: Output status to log file (append to existing log).

/UNILOG:file :: Output status to log file in UNICODE (overwrite existing log).
/UNILOG+:file :: Output status to log file in UNICODE (append to existing log).

/TEE :: Output to console window and log file.

/NJH :: No job header.
/NJS :: No job summary.

/UNICODE :: Output status in UNICODE.

::
:: Job options:
::
/JOB:jobname :: Extract parameters from named job file.
/SAVE:jobname :: Save parameters to named job file
/QUIT :: Quit after processing command line (to view parameters).
/NOSD :: Source directory not specified.
/NODD :: Destination directory not specified.
/IF :: Include following files.


D:\>help set
Displays, sets, or removes cmd.exe environment variables.

SET ]

variable Specifies environment variable name.
string Specifies a series of characters to assign to the variable.

To display the current environment variables, type SET without parameters.

If command extensions are enabled, SET changes as follows:

You can activate the SET command with just a variable, and the equals sign or value will not display all values of variables with names that match the prefix. For example:

SET P

will display all variables that start with the letter P

If the variable name is not found in the current environment, the SET command sets ERRORLEVEL to 1.

The SET command does not allow variable names to contain an equals sign.

Two new command-line switches are added to the SET command:

SET /A expression
SET /P variable=

The /A command-line switch specifies that the string to the right of the equals sign is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated. The expression evaluator is simple and supports the following operations in decreasing order of precedence:

() - Grouping
! ~ - - Unary operators
* / % - Arithmetic operators
+ - - Arithmetic operators
<< >> - Logical shifts
- Bitwise "AND"
^ - Bitwise "XOR"
| - Bitwise "OR"
= *= /= %= += -= - Assignment
&= ^= |= <<= >>=
, - Expression separator

If you use any logical or remainder operators, you need to enclose the expression string in quotes. Any non-numeric string key in the expression is treated as an environment variable name, and the value of that environment variable is converted to a number before use. If an environment variable name is specified but not defined in the current environment, the value is set to zero. This allows you to use environment variable values in calculations without having to type the % symbols to get their values. If SET /A is executed on the command line outside of a command script, it displays the last value of the expression. The assignment operator requires an environment variable name to the left of the assignment operator. Numeric values are in decimal, except that hexadecimal has a 0x prefix and octal has a 0 prefix. Therefore, 0x12 is the same as 18 and 022. Note that octal formulas can be confusing: 08 and 09 are invalid numbers because 8 and 9 are not valid octal digits. (& )

The /P command-line switch allows you to set the variable value to a line of input from the user. The specified promptString is displayed before reading the input line. promptString can be empty.

Environment variable substitution has been enhanced as follows:

%PATH:str1=str2%

will expand the PATH environment variable, replacing each "str1" with "str2" in the expanded result. To effectively remove all "str1" from the expanded result, "str2" can be empty. "str1" can start with an asterisk; in this case, "str1" will match from the start of the expanded result to the first occurrence of the remaining part of str1.

You can also specify substrings for extensions.

%PATH:~10,5%

will expand the PATH environment variable and then use only the five characters starting from the 11th character (offset 10) in the expanded result. If no length is specified, the default is the remainder of the variable value. If both numbers (offset and length) are negative, the numbers used are the length of the environment variable value plus the specified offset or length.

%PATH:~-10%

will extract the last ten characters of the PATH variable.

%PATH:~0,-2%

will extract all characters of the PATH variable except the last two.

Finally, support for delayed environment variable expansion is added. This support is always disabled by default, but can be enabled/disabled via the /V command-line switch of CMD.EXE. See CMD /? for details.

Considering the current limitations of expansion when reading a line of text, delayed environment variable expansion is useful, not at execution time. The following example illustrates the problem with direct variable expansion:

set VAR=before
if "%VAR%" == "before" (
set VAR=after
if "%VAR%" == "after" @echo If you see this, it worked
)

will not display the message because when the first IF statement is read, the %VAR% in both IF statements will be substituted; the reason is: it contains the body of IF, and IF is a compound statement. So, the IF in the compound statement is actually comparing "before" and "after", which will never be equal. Similarly, the following example will not achieve the expected result:

set LIST=
for %i in (*) do set LIST=%LIST% %i
echo %LIST%

The reason is that it will not create a file list in the current directory, but only set the LIST variable to the last file found. This is also because %LIST% is expanded only once when the FOR statement is read; and at that time, the LIST variable is empty. Therefore, the actual FOR loop we are executing is:

for %i in (*) do set LIST= %i

This loop continues to set LIST to the last file found.

Delayed environment variable expansion allows you to use a different character (!) to expand environment variables at execution time. If delayed variable expansion is enabled, the above example can be written as follows to achieve the expected result:

set VAR=before
if "%VAR%" == "before" (
set VAR=after
if "!VAR!" == "after" @echo If you see this, it worked
)

set LIST=
for %i in (*) do set LIST=!LIST! %i
echo %LIST%

If command extensions are enabled, there are several dynamic environment variables that can be expanded but do not appear in the variable list displayed by SET. These variable values are dynamically calculated each time the variable value is expanded. If the user explicitly defines a variable with any of these names, that definition will replace the dynamic definition described below:

%CD% - Expands to the current directory string.

%DATE% - Expands to the current date in the same format as the DATE command.

%TIME% - Expands to the current time in the same format as the TIME command.

%RANDOM% - Expands to a random decimal number between 0 and 32767.

%ERRORLEVEL% - Expands to the current ERRORLEVEL value.

%CMDEXTVERSION% - Expands to the current command processor extension version number.

%CMDCMDLINE% - Expands to the original command line that called the command processor.

%HIGHESTNUMANODENUMBER% - Expands to the highest NUMA node number on this computer.

D:\>help setlocal
Starts localization of environment changes in a batch file. Environment changes made after executing SETLOCAL are limited to the batch file. To restore the original settings, you must execute ENDLOCAL. When the end of the batch file is reached, there is an implicit ENDLOCAL for each SETLOCAL command in the batch file that has not been executed.

SETLOCAL

If command extensions are enabled, the SETLOCAL command changes as follows:

The SETLOCAL batch command can now accept optional parameters:
ENABLEEXTENSIONS / DISABLEEXTENSIONS
Enable or disable command processor extensions. These
parameters have priority over the CMD /E:ON or /E:OFF
switches. See CMD /? for details.
ENABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION / DISABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION
Enable or disable delayed environment variable
expansion. These parameters have priority over the CMD
/V:ON or /V:OFF switches. See CMD /? for details.
These modifications will remain until the matching ENDLOCAL command, regardless of their settings before the SETLOCAL command.

If there is one parameter,
the SETLOCAL command will set the value of ERRORLEVEL. If one of the two valid parameters is present, the value is zero.
Using the following trick, you can use this in a batch script
to determine if extensions are available:

VERIFY OTHER 2>nul
SETLOCAL ENABLEEXTENSIONS
IF ERRORLEVEL 1 echo Unable to enable extensions

This method works because on older versions of CMD.EXE, SETLOCAL does not set the ERRORLEVEL value. A VERIFY command with an incorrect parameter will initialize the ERRORLEVEL value to a non-zero value.


D:\>help sc

Error: Unknown command

Description:
SC is a command-line program used to communicate with the Service Control Manager and services.
Usage:
sc <server> <option1> <option2>...


The format of option <server> is "\\ServerName"
Type "sc " for further help on the command
Commands:
query-----------Queries the status of a service,
or enumerates the status of service types.
queryex---------Queries the extended status of a service,
or enumerates the status of service types.
start-----------Starts a service.
pause-----------Sends a PAUSE control request to a service.
interrogate-----Sends an INTERROGATE control request to a service.
continue--------Sends a CONTINUE control request to a service.
stop------------Sends a STOP request to a service.
config----------Changes the configuration of a service (permanently).
description-----Changes the description of a service.
failure---------Changes the action to be performed when a service fails.
failureflag-----Changes the failure action flag of a service.
sidtype---------Changes the service SID type of a service.
privs-----------Changes the required privileges of a service.
qc--------------Queries the configuration information of a service.
qdescription----Queries the description of a service.
qfailure--------Queries the action to be performed when a service fails.
qfailureflag----Queries the failure action flag of a service.
qsidtype--------Queries the service SID type of a service.
qprivs----------Queries the required privileges of a service.
qtriggerinfo----Queries the trigger parameters of a service.
qpreferrednode--Queries the preferred NUMA node of a service.
delete----------(From the registry) Deletes a service.
create----------Creates a service (adds it to the registry).
control---------Sends a control to a service.
sdshow----------Displays the security descriptor of a service.
sdset-----------Sets the security descriptor of a service.
showsid---------Displays the SID string corresponding to an assumed name.
triggerinfo-----Configures the trigger parameters of a service.
preferrednode---Sets the preferred NUMA node of a service.
GetDisplayName--Gets the DisplayName of a service
GetKeyName------Gets the ServiceKeyName of a service.
EnumDepend------Enumerates the dependencies of a service.

The following commands do not require a service name:
sc <server> <command> <option>
boot------------(ok | bad) Indicates whether the last boot is saved as
the last known good boot configuration
Lock------------Locks the service database
QueryLock-------Queries the LockStatus of the SCManager database
Examples:
sc start MyService

Do you want to see help for the QUERY and QUERYEX commands? :
y

QUERY and QUERYEX options:
If the query command is given a service name, it will return
the status of that service. Other options are not suitable for this
case. If the query command is given no parameters or
one of the following options, it will enumerate this service.
type= The type of service to enumerate (driver, service, all)
Default = service)
state= The state of service to enumerate (inactive, all)
(Default = active)
bufsize= The size of the enumeration buffer in bytes
(Default = 4096)
ri= The resume index to start enumeration from
(Default = 0)
group= The service group to enumerate
(Default = all groups)

Syntax examples
sc query - Enumerates the status of active services and drivers
sc query eventlog - Displays the status of the eventlog service
sc queryex eventlog - Displays the extended status of the eventlog service
sc query type= driver - Enumerates only active drivers
sc query type= service - Enumerates only Win32 services
sc query state= all - Enumerates all services and drivers
sc query bufsize= 50 - Enumerates with a buffer of 50 bytes
sc query ri= 14 - Enumerates with a resume index = 14
sc queryex group= "" - Enumerates active services not in a group
sc query type= interact - Enumerates all inactive services
sc query type= driver group= NDIS - Enumerates all NDIS drivers


D:\>help schtasks

SCHTASKS /parameter

Description:
Allows administrators to create, delete, query, change, run, and abort scheduled tasks on local or remote systems.

Parameter list:
/Create Creates a new scheduled task.

/Delete Deletes a scheduled task.

/Query Displays all scheduled tasks.

/Change Changes scheduled task properties.

/Run Runs a scheduled task on demand.

/End Aborts a currently running scheduled task.

/ShowSid Displays the security identifier corresponding to the scheduled task name.

/? Displays this help message.

Examples:
SCHTASKS
SCHTASKS /?
SCHTASKS /Run /?
SCHTASKS /End /?
SCHTASKS /Create /?
SCHTASKS /Delete /?
SCHTASKS /Query /?
SCHTASKS /Change /?
SCHTASKS /ShowSid /?


D:\>help shift
Changes the position of replaceable parameters in a batch file.

SHIFT

If command extensions are enabled, the SHIFT command supports the /n command-line switch; this command-line switch tells
the command to shift starting from the nth parameter; n is between zero and eight. For example:

SHIFT /2

will shift %3 to %2, shift %4 to %3, etc.; and does not affect %0 and %1.

D:\>help shutdown
Usage: shutdown
xx:yy ]

No parameters Displays help. This is the same as typing /?.
/? Displays help. This is the same as typing no options.
/i Displays the graphical user interface (GUI).
This must be the first option.
/l Logs off. This cannot be used with the /m or /d options.
/s Shuts down the computer.
/r Shuts down and restarts the computer.
/g Shuts down and restarts the computer. After the system restarts,
restarts all registered applications.
/a Aborts the system shutdown.
This can only be used during the timeout period.
/p Shuts down the local computer without a timeout or warning.
Can be used with the /d and /f options.
/h Hibernates the local computer.
Can be used with the /f option.
/e Logs the reason for the unexpected shutdown of the computer.
/m \\computer Specifies the target computer.
/t xxx Sets the timeout before shutdown to xxx seconds.
Valid range is 0-315360000 (10 years), default is 30.
If the timeout is greater than 0, the /f
parameter is implied.
/c "comment" Comment on the reason for restart or shutdown.
Up to 512 characters are allowed.
/f Forces running applications to close without foreground warning the user.
When the /t parameter is specified with a value greater than 0,
the /f parameter is implied.
/d xx:yy Provides the reason for restart or shutdown.
p indicates that the restart or shutdown is planned.
u indicates that the reason is defined by the user.
If neither p nor u is specified, it is an unplanned restart
or shutdown.
xx is the major reason number (positive integer less than 256).
yy is the minor reason number (positive integer less than 65536).

Reasons on this computer:
(E = Expected U = Unexpected P = Planned, C = Custom)
Category Major Minor Title

U 0 0 Other (unplanned)
E 0 0 Other (unplanned)
E P 0 0 Other (planned)
U 0 5 Other failure: The system did not respond
E 1 1 Hardware: Maintenance (unplanned)
E P 1 1 Hardware: Maintenance (planned)
E 1 2 Hardware: Installation (unplanned)
E P 1 2 Hardware: Installation (planned)
E 2 2 Operating System: Recovery (planned)
E P 2 2 Operating System: Recovery (planned)
P 2 3 Operating System: Upgrade (planned)
E 2 4 Operating System: Reconfiguration (unplanned)
E P 2 4 Operating System: Reconfiguration (planned)
P 2 16 Operating System: Service Pack (planned)
2 17 Operating System: Hotfix (unplanned)
P 2 17 Operating System: Hotfix (planned)
2 18 Operating System: Security fix (unplanned)
P 2 18 Operating System: Security fix (planned)
E 4 1 Application: Maintenance (unplanned)
E P 4 1 Application: Maintenance (planned)
E P 4 2 Application: Installation (planned)
E 4 5 Application: Did not respond
E 4 6 Application: Unstable
U 5 15 System failure: Stop error
U 5 19 Security issue
E 5 19 Security issue
E P 5 19 Security issue
E 5 20 Network connection lost (unplanned)
U 6 11 Power failure: The cord was unplugged
U 6 12 Power failure: Environment
P 7 0 Legacy API shutdown

D:\>help sort
SORT
filename1] ]
filename3]
/+n Specifies the character number n at which to start each comparison. /+3 means each
comparison should start at the third character of each line. Lines with fewer than n characters
come before other lines. By default, comparison starts at the first character of each line.
/L locale Substitutes the specified locale setting for the system default locale setting.
The ""C"" locale setting produces the fastest sorting order and is currently the only other option. Sorting is always case-insensitive.
/M kilobytes Specifies the amount of main memory in KB to use for sorting.
The minimum amount of memory is always 160 KB. If a memory size is specified,
the specified amount of memory is used for sorting regardless of the available main memory.

To achieve optimal performance, usually do not specify a memory size. By default, if the default maximum memory value is reached, sorting is done in one pass
(no temporary files); otherwise, sorting is done in two passes (unsorted data is stored in temporary files); the amount of memory used for sorting and merging is equal. If both input and output are files, the default maximum memory value is 90% of available main memory;
otherwise, it is 45% of main memory.
/REC characters Specifies the maximum number of characters in a record
(default is 4096, maximum is 65535).
/R Reverses the sorting order, i.e., from Z to A, then from 9 to 0.
filename1 Specifies the file to sort. If not specified, sorts standard input. Specifying an input file is faster than redirecting the same file to standard input.
/T
Specifies the directory path to retain sorted working storage in case main
memory cannot hold the data. The default is to use the system temporary directory.
/O
filename3 Specifies in which file to store the sorted input.
If not specified, the data is written to standard output. Specifying an output file is faster than redirecting standard output to the same file.


D:\>help start
Starts a separate window to run the specified program or command.

START




"title" The title to display in the window title bar.
path The start directory.
B Starts the application but does not create a new window. The application ignores ^C processing.
Unless the application enables ^C processing, ^Break is the only way to interrupt
the application.
I The new environment will be the original environment passed to cmd.exe, not the current environment.

MIN Starts the window minimized.
MAX Starts the window maximized.
SEPARATE Starts a 16-bit Windows program in a separate memory space.
SHARED Starts a 16-bit Windows program in a shared memory space.
LOW Starts the application in the IDLE priority class.
NORMAL Starts the application in the NORMAL priority class.
HIGH Starts the application in the HIGH priority class.
REALTIME Starts the application in the REALTIME priority class.
ABOVENORMAL Starts the application in the ABOVENORMAL priority class.
BELOWNORMAL Starts the application in the BELOWNORMAL priority class.
NODE Specifies the preferred non-uniform memory architecture (NUMA) node as a decimal integer.
AFFINITY Specifies the processor affinity mask as a hexadecimal number. The process is restricted to run on these
processors.

When /AFFINITY and /NODE are combined, the affinity mask is interpreted differently.
Specify the affinity mask as if the processor mask of the NUMA node is correctly shifted to start at zero. The process is restricted to run on those common processors between the specified affinity mask and NUMA node. If there are no common processors, the process is restricted to run on the specified NUMA node.
WAIT Starts the application and waits for it to terminate.
command/program
If it is an internal cmd command or batch file, the command processor is run using
cmd.exe's /K switch. This means the window will remain after running the command.

If it is not an internal cmd command or batch file, it is a program and will
run as a windowed or console application.

parameters These are the parameters passed to command/program.

Note: The /SEPARATE and /SHARED options are not supported on 64-bit platforms.

By specifying /NODE, you can create processes in a way that takes advantage of memory regions in a NUMA system. For example,
you can create two processes that communicate entirely through shared memory to share the same preferred NUMA node,
thereby minimizing memory latency. If possible, they will both allocate memory from the same NUMA node and will run freely on processors outside the specified node.

start /NODE 1 application1.exe
start /NODE 1 application2.exe

These two processes can be further restricted to run on specified processors within the same NUMA node. In the following
example, application1 runs on the two lowest-order processors of the node, while application2
runs on the next two processors of the node. This example assumes the specified node has at least four logical
processors. Note that the node number can be changed to any valid node number on the computer without changing the affinity mask.

start /NODE 1 /AFFINITY 0x3 application1.exe
start /NODE 1 /AFFINITY 0xc application2.exe

If command extensions are enabled, external command calls via the command line or START command change as follows:

Typing a filename as a command, non-executable files can be called via file associations.
(For example, WORD.DOC will call the application associated with the .DOC file extension)。
For information on how to create these associations from within a command script, see the ASSOC and
FTYPE commands.

When executing a 32-bit GUI application, CMD.EXE returns to the command prompt without waiting for the application to terminate. This new behavior does not occur if executed within a command script.

If the first symbol of the executed command line is a string without an extension or path modifier that is "CMD", "CMD" will be replaced with the value of the COMSPEC variable.
This prevents extracting CMD.EXE from the current directory.

If the first symbol of the executed command line has no extension, CMD.EXE will use
the value of the PATHEXT environment variable to determine the order in which to look for which extensions.
The default value of the PATHEXT variable is:

.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD

Note that this syntax is the same as the PATH variable, with semicolons separating different elements.

When finding an executable file, if there is no matching extension, it looks to see if the name matches a directory name. If so, START will call Explorer on that path. If executed from the command line, it is equivalent to CD /D on that path.


D:\>help subst
Associates a path with a drive letter.

SUBST path]
SUBST drive1: /D

drive1: Specifies the virtual drive to which to assign a path.
path Specifies the physical drive and path to assign to the virtual drive.
/D Deletes the substituted
(virtual) drive.

Typing SUBST without parameters displays the current list of virtual drives.

D:\>help systeminfo

SYSTEMINFO ]]]

Description:
This tool displays information about the operating system configuration of the local or remote machine, including the service pack level.

Parameter list:
/S system Specifies the remote system to connect to.

/U user Specifies the user context under which the command should be executed.


/P Specifies the password for the given user context. If omitted,
prompts for input.

/FO format Specifies the format of the displayed results.
Valid values: "TABLE"、"LIST"、"CSV".

/NH Specifies that "column headers" should not be displayed in the output.
Valid only for "TABLE" and "CSV" formats.

/? Displays help message.


Examples:
SYSTEMINFO
SYSTEMINFO /?
SYSTEMINFO /S system
SYSTEMINFO /S system /U user
SYSTEMINFO /S system /U domain\user /P password /FO TABLE
SYSTEMINFO /S system /FO LIST
SYSTEMINFO /S system /FO CSV /NH

D:\>help tasklist

TASKLIST ]]]
| /SVC | /V]

Description:
This tool displays a list of currently running processes on the local or remote machine.

Parameter list:
/S system Specifies the remote system to connect to.

/U user Specifies the user context under which this command should be executed.

/P Specifies the password for the given user context. If omitted,
prompts for input.

/M Lists all tasks that currently use the given exe/dll name.
If no module name is specified, displays all loaded modules.

/SVC Displays the services hosted in each process.

/V Displays detailed task information.

/FI filter Displays a series of tasks that meet the criteria specified by the filter.

/FO format Specifies the output format.
Valid values: "TABLE"、"LIST"、"CSV".

/NH Specifies that column headers should not be displayed in the output.
Valid only for "TABLE" and "CSV" formats.

/? Displays help message.


Filters:
Filter name Valid operators Valid values
----------- --------------- --------------------------
STATUS eq, ne RUNNING |
NOT RESPONDING | UNKNOWN
IMAGENAME eq, ne Image name
PID eq, ne, gt, lt, ge, le PID value
SESSION eq, ne, gt, lt, ge, le Session number
SESSIONNAME eq, ne Session name
CPUTIME eq, ne, gt, lt, ge, le CPU time, in the format
hh:mm:ss.
hh - hours,
mm - minutes, ss - seconds
MEMUSAGE eq, ne, gt, lt, ge, le Memory usage in KB
USERNAME eq, ne Username, in the format user
SERVICES eq, ne Service name
WINDOWTITLE eq, ne Window title
MODULES eq, ne DLL name

Description: When querying a remote machine, the "WINDOWTITLE" and "STATUS"
filters are not supported.

Examples:
TASKLIST
TASKLIST /M
TASKLIST /V /FO CSV
TASKLIST /SVC /FO LIST
TASKLIST /M wbem*
TASKLIST /S system /FO LIST
TASKLIST /S system /U domain\username /FO CSV /NH
TASKLIST /S system /U username /P password /FO TABLE /NH
TASKLIST /FI "USERNAME ne NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM" /FI "STATUS eq running"

D:\>help taskkill

TASKKILL ]]]
{ }

Description:
Uses this tool to terminate a task by process ID (PID) or image name.

Parameter list:
/S system Specifies the remote system to connect to.

/U user Specifies the user context under which this command should be executed.

/P Specifies the password for the given user context. If omitted, prompts
for input.

/FI filter Applies a filter to select a group of tasks.
"*" is allowed. For example, imagename eq acme*

/PID processid Specifies the PID of the process to terminate.
Use TaskList to get the PID.

/IM imagename Specifies the image name of the process to terminate. The wildcard '*' can be used to
specify all tasks or image names.

/T Terminates the specified process and its child processes started by it.

/F Specifies to forcefully terminate the process.

/? Displays help message.

Filters:
Filter name Valid operators Valid values
----------- --------------- -------------------------
STATUS eq, ne RUNNING |
NOT RESPONDING | UNKNOWN
IMAGENAME eq, ne Image name
PID eq, ne, gt, lt, ge, le PID value
SESSION eq, ne, gt, lt, ge, le Session number.
CPUTIME eq, ne, gt, lt, ge, le CPU time, in the format
hh:mm:ss.
hh - hours,
mm - minutes, ss - seconds
MEMUSAGE eq, ne, gt, lt, ge, le Memory usage in KB
USERNAME eq, ne Username, in the format user
MODULES eq, ne DLL name
SERVICES eq, ne Service name
WINDOWTITLE eq, ne Window title

Description
----
1) The /IM switch can only use wildcards '*' if a filter is applied.
2) Remote processes are always terminated forcefully (/F).
3) When specifying a remote machine, the "WINDOWTITLE" and "STATUS" filters are not supported.

Examples:
TASKKILL /IM notepad.exe
TASKKILL /PID 1230 /PID 1241 /PID 1253 /T
TASKKILL /F /IM cmd.exe /T
TASKKILL /F /FI "PID ge 1000" /FI "WINDOWTITLE ne untitle*"
TASKKILL /F /FI "USERNAME eq NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM" /IM notepad.exe
TASKKILL /S system /U domain\username /FI "USERNAME ne NT*" /IM *
TASKKILL /S system /U username /P password /FI "IMAGENAME eq note*"


D:\>help time
Displays or sets the system time.

TIME

To display the current time setting and be prompted to enter a new time, type
TIME without parameters. To keep the existing time, press Enter.

If command extensions are enabled, the TIME command supports the /T command-line switch; this command-line switch tells
the command to only output the current time, but not prompt to enter a new time.

D:\>help title
Sets the window title of the command prompt window.

TITLE

string Specifies the title of the command prompt window.

D:\>help tree
Displays the folder structure of a drive or path in graphical form.

TREE

/F Displays the names of files in each folder.
/A Uses ASCII characters instead of extended characters.


D:\>help type
Displays the contents of a text file.

TYPE filename

D:\>help ver
Displays the Windows version.

VER

D:\>help verify
Indicates whether cmd.exe should verify that files are written correctly to disk.

VERIFY

To display the current VERIFY setting, type VERIFY without parameters.

D:\>help vol
Displays the disk volume label and serial number (if present).

VOL

D:\>help xcopy
Copies files and directory trees.

XCOPY source ] ]


...]

source Specifies the file to copy.
destination Specifies the location and/or name of the new file.
/A Copies only files with the archive attribute set, but does not change the attribute.
/M Copies only files with the archive attribute set and turns off the archive attribute.
/D:m-d-y Copies files changed on or after the specified date.
If no date is provided, copies only files whose source time is newer than the destination time.
/EXCLUDE:file1...
Specifies a list of files containing strings. Each string should be on a separate line in the file.
If any string matches any part of the absolute path of the copied file, the file is excluded from copying. For example, specifying a string like \obj\ or .obj will exclude all files under the obj directory or all files with the .obj extension, respectively.
/P Prompts you before creating each target file.
/S Copies directories and subdirectories, excluding empty directories.
/E Copies directories and subdirectories, including empty directories. Same as /S /E. Can be used to modify /T.
/V Verifies the size of each new file.
/W Prompts you to press a key before copying.
/C Continues copying even if there are errors.
/I If the destination does not exist and multiple files are to be copied, assumes the destination must be a directory.
/Q Does not display filenames while copying.
/F Displays the full source and destination filenames while copying.
/L Displays the files to be copied.
/G Allows copying encrypted files to destinations that do not support encryption.
/H Also copies hidden and system files.
/R Overrides read-only files.
/T Creates the directory structure but does not copy files. Excludes empty directories or subdirectories. /T /E includes
empty directories and subdirectories.
/U Copies only files that already exist in the destination.
/K Copies attributes. Normally, Xcopy resets the read-only attribute.
/N Copies using generated short names.
/O Copies file ownership and ACL information.
/X Copies file audit settings (implies /O).
/Y Suppresses the prompt to confirm overwriting existing target files.
/-Y Prompts to confirm overwriting existing target files.
/Z Copies network files in restartable mode.
/B Copies the symbolic link itself relative to the link target.
/J Copies without using buffered I/O. Recommended when copying large files.

The /Y switch can be pre-set in the COPYCMD environment variable.
This can be overridden by /-Y on the command line.


D:\>help wmic

<command>

The following global switches are available:
/NAMESPACE Path for the namespace the alias operates against.
/ROLE Path for the role containing the alias definitions.
/NODE Servers the alias will operate against.
/IMPLEVEL Client impersonation level.
/AUTHLEVEL Client authentication level.
/LOCALE Language id the client should use.
/PRIVILEGES Enable or disable all privileges.
/TRACE Outputs debugging information to stderr.
/RECORD Logs all input commands and output.
/INTERACTIVE Sets or resets the interactive mode.
/FAILFAST Sets or resets the FailFast mode.
/USER User to be used during the session.
/PASSWORD Password to be used for session login.
/OUTPUT Specifies the mode for output redirection.
/APPEND Specifies the mode for output redirection.
/AGGREGATE Sets or resets aggregate mode.
/AUTHORITY Specifies the <authority type> for the connection.
/? Usage information.

For more information on a specific global switch, type: switch-name /?


The following alias/es are available in the current role:
ALIAS - Access to the aliases available on the local system
BASEBOARD - Base board (also known as a motherboard or system board) management.
BIOS - Basic input/output services (BIOS) management.
BOOTCONFIG - Boot configuration management.
CDROM - CD-ROM management.
COMPUTERSYSTEM - Computer system management.
CPU - CPU management.
CSPRODUCT - Computer system product information from SMBIOS.
DATAFILE - DataFile Management.
DCOMAPP - DCOM Application management.
DESKTOP - User's Desktop management.
DESKTOPMONITOR - Desktop Monitor management.
DEVICEMEMORYADDRESS - Device memory addresses management.
DISKDRIVE - Physical disk drive management.
DISKQUOTA - Disk space usage for NTFS volumes.
DMACHANNEL - Direct memory access (DMA) channel management.
ENVIRONMENT - System environment settings management.
FSDIR - Filesystem directory entry management.
GROUP - Group account management.
IDECONTROLLER - IDE Controller management.
IRQ - Interrupt request line (IRQ) management.
JOB - Provides access to the jobs scheduled using the schedule service.
LOADORDER - Management of system services that define execution dependencies.
LOGICALDISK - Local storage device management.
LOGON - LOGON Sessions.
MEMCACHE - Cache memory management.
MEMORYCHIP - Memory chip information.
MEMPHYSICAL - Computer system's physical memory management.
NETCLIENT - Network Client management.
NETLOGIN - Network login information (of a particular user) management.
NETPROTOCOL - Protocols (and their network characteristics) management.
NETUSE - Active network connection management.
NIC - Network Interface Controller (NIC) management.
NICCONFIG - Network adapter management.
NTDOMAIN - NT Domain management.
NTEVENT - Entries in the NT Event Log.
NTEVENTLOG - NT eventlog file management.
ONBOARDDEVICE - Management of common adapter devices built into the motherboard (system board).
OS - Installed Operating System/s management.
PAGEFILE - Virtual memory file swapping management.
PAGEFILESET - Page file settings management.
PARTITION - Management of partitioned areas of a physical disk.
PORT - I/O port management.
PORTCONNECTOR - Physical connection ports management.
PRINTER - Printer device management.
PRINTERCONFIG - Printer device configuration management.
PRINTJOB - Print job management.
PROCESS - Process management.

zzz**z19760225@zzz19760225-pc:~$ help**
GNU bash, version 4.3.42(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list.
Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
Use `info bash' to get extensive information about BASH,
especially `help' and `builtins'.
Use `man -k' or `info' to find information about commands not in this list.

A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.

job_spec [&] history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename]
(( expression )) if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; ]... else COMMANDS; fi
. filename [arguments] jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x COMMAND [arguments]
: kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec ...
[ arguments... ] let arg [arg ...]
[[ expression ]] local [option] name[=value] ...
alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] logout [n]
bg [jobspec ...] mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [array]
bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u name] [-r keyseq] popd [-n] [+N | -N]
break [n] printf [-v var] format [arguments]
builtin [shellbuiltin [arguments ...]] pushd [-n] [+N | -N | directory]
caller [expression] pwd [-LP]
case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esac read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...]
cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir] readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [array]
command [-pVv] command [arguments ...] readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readonly -p
compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] return [n]
complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DE] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; done
compopt [-o|+o option] [-DE] [name ...] set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o optionname] [--] [arg ...]
continue [n] shift [n]
coproc [NAME] COMMAND [redirections] shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]
declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...] source filename [arguments]
dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] suspend [-f]
disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ...] test [expression]
echo [-neE] [arguments ...] time [-p] PIPELINE
enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...] times
eval [arguments ...] trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...]
exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments ...]] [redirections ...] true
exit [n] type [-afptP] name [name ...]
export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -p typeset [-aAfFgilrtux] [-p] name[=value] ...
false ulimit [-SHabcdefilmnpqrstuvxT] [limit]
fc [-e editor] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [old=new] [first] [last] umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
fg [jobspec] unalias [-a] name [name ...]
for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; done unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...]
for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS; done until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
function NAME { COMMANDS ; } or NAME () { COMMANDS ; } variables - Names and meanings of some shell variables
getopts optstring NAME [arg] wait [-n] [id ...]
hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...] while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
help [-dms] [pattern ...] { COMMANDS ; }