中国DOS联盟

Family Computer (FC)

Baidu Baike

https://baike.sogou.com/v251463.htm?fromTitle=nes

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Machine Structure Editing

The FC uses an 8-bit Ricoh-manufactured 2A03 NMOS processor (based on the 6502 central processing unit, but lacking BCD mode). The PAL system model operates at a frequency of 1.773447MHz, and the NTSC system model operates at a frequency of 1.7897725MHz. The main memory and display memory are 2KB.

The FC uses the image controller (PPU) developed by Ricoh, with 2KB of video memory. The palette can display 48 colors and 5 gray scales. A screen can display 64 sprites, with a sprite format of 8x8 or 8x16 pixels. A scan line can display up to 8 sprites. Although it can exceed this limit, it will cause sprite flickering. The background can only display one scroll. The screen resolution is 256x240, but due to the limitations of the NTSC system, 8 scan lines at the top and bottom cannot be displayed, so the remaining resolution is 256x224.

From an architectural perspective, the FC has a pseudo-Audio Processing Unit (pAPU). In the actual hardware, this processor is integrated in the 2A03 NMOS processor. The pAPU has 2 nearly-identical rectangular wave channels, 1 triangle wave channel, 1 noise channel, and 1 audio sampling playback channel (DCM, delta modulation method). Among them, 3 analog channels are used to play musical notes, 1 noise channel is used to represent special sound effects (explosions, gunshots, etc.), and the audio sampling playback channel can be used to represent continuous background sounds.

The FC host has a reset switch, 1 power switch, 1 game cartridge slot, 2 2-button handles (game controllers) with a cross direction pad. The main handle has "Select" and "Start" buttons. The back of the host has a power interface, RF radio frequency output interface, video image output interface, and audio output interface. There is also an expansion port on the front for connecting external devices such as light guns and additional rapid-fire handles.

FC games are usually stored in the form of read-only memory in game cartridges that can be inserted into the host slot. The capacities are LA series 24K, LB series 40K, LC series 48K, LD series 64K, LE series 80K, LF series 128K, LG series 160K, LH series 256K, special cartridges, and multi-in-one cartridges, etc. Some also have batteries to save game progress.

On February 21, 1986, Nintendo also launched an FC disk drive, which can use a dedicated floppy drive to read and write games on the FC host through a converter. The floppy disk capacity is 112KB.

5 Game Storage Editing

The storage medium of early game cartridges was similar to BIOS chip flash memory chips, divided into erasable and non-erasable types. However, many game cartridges are integrated on the card and cannot be removed. The advantage of this chip is fast writing speed (compared to floppy disks) and stability; the disadvantage is small capacity and high cost, so it was no longer used until Nintendo's N64. Later games used optical discs as the game medium. The principle is the electric erasing working mode, but most are one-time write and cannot replace the content.

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"The Mystery of Coding" for popularizing knowledge (Note: Chinese version)
http://vdisk.weibo.com/s/uwY5jhwTBRqB7







Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2018-7-20 at 19:45 ]

4*4 mode
4-base?

2-base logic circuit Jia Yi Yi Er 12
3-base logic circuit Whether non Yi Er San 123
4-base logic circuit Jia Yi Bing Ding Yi Er San Si 1234







2 bits 01, forming 4 combinations
00 01 10 11

3 bits 01, forming 8 combinations, can be for bagua - - ——
000 001 011 111
- - - - - - ——
- - - - —— ——
- - —— —— ——
101 010 100 110
—— - - —— ——
- - —— - - ——
—— - - - - - -

4 bits 01, forming 14 combinations The combination order can find the rule, is there anything among them (relative number of sorting, there is a same, similar and continuous incremental relationship)
0001 0011 0111 1111 1011 0110 0100 0010 1001 1101 1110 1100 1000 0000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

4 bits 01 should be 16 combinations
One 0 and three 1s, 4
Three 0s and one 1, 4
Four 0s, 1
Four 1s, 1
Two consecutive 0s or 1s, 4
Two non-consecutive 0s or 1s, 2
4+4+1+1+4+2=16

Total combinations are 14*4=56 switches



With circuit current and switch signal information:

What does control mean
The control unit is also one of the switches
The control signal current is sent out to realize the input and output of the working unit

What does input mean
The control signal input and power energy input of the switch, the input of information realization

What does output mean
Through the composition of current and switches to the required information level content, and is accepted as output by the dynamic display of current and switches

The special function of 0000, all fully disconnected, clear.
All are 0, different from no information.
All clear, then a way of turning green.















Four-base circle frame road, can statistics the internal list, to count the level of submission
Monthly inventory and monthly accounts, annual statistics of 12 months, no need to count 365 days a year.
The vertical statistics from year to day can be a limit attempt
The spelling order problem of four-bit switches?
Choose up and left as the first, then clockwise, that is, start from the upper left corner and end at the lower left corner clockwise.

Shortcut input of decimal keyboard, it is best to have more digital combinations until the shortcut is released.
Control input and output shortcut keys, information input and output shortcut keys.


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0001 0011 0111 1111 1011 0110 0100 0010 1001 1101


01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
0001 0011 0001 0111 0001 1111 0001 1011 0001 0110 0001 0100 0001 0010 0001 1001 0001 1101 0011 0001


To realize the control of 4 switches
Information input of 4 switches Including clear reset
Information output of 4 switches

Consider as a unit group with 1 switch

Open circuit logic switch: the input current switch is turned on, the switch is turned off when no input is made, and no electricity is conducted in the reverse direction. Triode
First do not consider the triode
There may be many more articles in the combination of relays. (Need to understand, knowledge, technology, be familiar with relays, it is best to be familiar with the simple one by hand assembly)
Normally open switch relay: always open, input control closes the circuit.
Normally closed switch relay: always closed, input control turns on the circuit.
Intermediate relay

Switch, relay, wire, terminal, transparent material (Domestic, with long-term stable inertia technology and market, cheaper part, reliable quality, preferably with a hundred-year material life)
Temperature control, fan, cooling plate,
Power off insurance,


Waste switch, only need a push button switch, the other automatically circulates the closed circuit display. Also no, both have no power input, both need power input.






Want to practice the knowledge in "The Secret of Coding", what software is helpful?
https://www.zhihu.com/question/28223767#answer-31865551


Starting from the gate circuit level, how is the programmable function of the computer gradually realized?
https://www.zhihu.com/question/27859290/answer/38616689


Making gate circuits with relays FreeSaber
https://www.cnblogs.com/zhongxinWang/p/3680160.html


D flip-flop

D flip-flop FreeSaber
http://www.cnblogs.com/zhongxinWang/p/3695977.html

R-S flip-flop FreeSaber
https://www.cnblogs.com/zhongxinWang/p/3695741.html

JK flip-flop

Multiplexer

Counter

Adder


Logic gates
1 single = 4
2 combinations = 16
3 combinations = 4
4 combinations = 1
Total 25

AND gate

NOT gate (two names, inverter)





NAND gate


NOR gate


OR gate


XNOR gate


XOR gate


XNOR gate

The same switch where A is on and B is on, the different switch where A is on and B is off. Combination of series and parallel of same switches, combination of series and parallel of different switches. Same switch is positive device, different switch is reverse device.
Same series Same parallel
Different series Different parallel

OR

Positive series Positive parallel
Negative series Negative parallel

Same series = Positive series = AND gate
Same parallel = Positive parallel = OR gate
Different series = Negative series = NOR gate
Different parallel = Negative parallel = XOR gate

AND
NOT (inverter)
OR
XOR

AND NAND AND OR AND XOR
OR NOR OR XOR XNOR
NOT NOT XOR

XOR XOR


15 ranges
AND OR NOT XOR
AND 1 AND AND 0 2 AND OR 5 3 AND NOT 9 4 AND XOR 13
OR 5 OR AND 2 6 OR OR 0 7 OR NOT 10 8 OR XOR 14
NOT 9 NOT AND 3 10 NOT OR 7 11 NOT NOT 0 12 NOT XOR 15
XOR 13 XOR AND 4 14 XOR XOR 8 15 XOR NOT 12 16 XOR XOR 0



AND OR

AND NOR NOT AND OR XOR
AND NAND XOR OR NOR XOR

NOT XOR

AND OR NOR NOT
AND NAND XOR
AND OR XOR
XOR NOR NOT

AND NAND OR XOR

XOR <---> XNOR Opposite logic
Positive parallel <---> Negative series Opposite logic
Positive series <---> Negative parallel Opposite logic

Establish logical comparison relative relationship














Meeting
Veto with one vote or more,
Approval with one vote or more,
Must be vetoed unanimously
Must be approved unanimously
Percentage selection
Adjustable percentage selection

Semicircular sign AND gate, everyone's approval is the choice gate of participation.
Crescent sign OR gate, if there is one approval among everyone, the meeting approval is the choice gate.


One GB18030 encoding: D2BB

Making logic gates with transistors (Pretty good, in English, indicates, AND gate,?, NOR gate three gates)
https://www.bilibili.com/video/av11237914?from=search&seid=89178899315594875

Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2018-8-28 at 22:48 ]

Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2018-7-16 at 18:39 ]

Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2018-7-16 at 18:39 ]

Special circuit highways and highway entrances/exits (socket connectors)

Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2018-7-16 at 19:09 ]

If taking the quaternary system as the basic unit, the machine code input should be 4 key positions, 1234, A/B/C/D, east/south/west/north

Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2018-7-16 at 19:06 ]

First, place GB18030 in an 8-digit specified area for unified temporary placement, then carry out the experimental adjustment area for the adjustment of the radicals and components of the Xinyi sound, until all replacements and adjustments are completed, and then transfer to the text sequence area for trial use.

1.61 million GB18030 is counted as 2 million, multiplied by 5 is 10 million. Within the range of 10 million grids, a temporary area, adjustment area, and experimental sequence area can be set.

Each dictionary with 700,000 characters, calculated as about 1 million to 2 million, can be organized into a dictionary area similar to the placement of GB18030.

The Chinese Dictionary (Cihai) is about 20 million characters.

It is basically to modify GB18030, Xinhua Dictionary, Cihai, some classic comprehensive-structured traditional books, and popular novels and animations aimed at these classics.

Consideration should be given to reading cameras or pens, otherwise manual input is a bit tiring, and a function for storing, copying, and transferring input information at one time.

Efficiency and humanized input mainly involve finding methods and ways, relatively reducing the number of key presses, for daily use.



Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2018-7-20 at 08:58 ]

Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2018-7-16 at 18:41 ]

Electronic lights also use the 4*4 mode. Display machine code, display numbers, display GB18030, display graphics, dynamic time graphics, word games. How to achieve the black-and-white electronic light effect, which is turning on bright white and turning off dark black (energy consumption), and it can be recognized in the daytime and also at night.

Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2018-7-16 at 19:21 ]

Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2018-7-16 at 18:42 ]

Consider fans, temperature control gasket for cooling

Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2018-7-16 at 19:25 ]

Rules of automatic abacus, abacus rhymes
13 beads move to 1,
Position 15, 13 beads move to, 14 beads
One move to one
Only one position moves to another position

Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2018-7-17 at 00:34 ]

Fill the blank with a blank

Fill the blank with blank

Last edited by zzz19760225 on 2018-9-12 at 22:40 ]