标题: Debian 就是 linux [打印本页]
作者: 《电脑爱好 时间: 2004-7-9 00:00 标题: Debian 就是 linux
Debian 就是 linux
那你们为什么说：DOS，代表着自由开放与发展，我们努力起来，学习FreeDOS和Linux的自由开放与GNU精神，共同创造和发展美好的自由与GNU GPL世界吧！
GNU是UNIX标准,你们学什么?????????
用种把GUN 擦掉
作者: Wengier 时间: 2004-7-9 00:00
Debian Linux是Linux没错，GNU是GNU's Not Unix的缩写，并不是Unix标准。
作者: 《电脑爱好 时间: 2004-7-22 00:00
发展一个 类-Unix 且为 自由软件 的完整操作系统： GNU 系统。DOS是类-Unix 吗？？？？
作者: Wengier 时间: 2004-7-22 00:00
你去看看FreeDOS的网站就知道了，根本不是这么回事。退一步说，DOS在某种程度上也可以说是类Unix，大家知道Unix是DOS的舅舅。
作者: 《电脑爱好 时间: 2004-7-23 00:00
FreeDOS aims to be a complete, free, 100% MS-DOS compatible operating system. FreeDOS was previously known as "Free-DOS" and originally as "PD-DOS." For a little trip down memory lane: In 1994, I was a physics student at the University of Wisconsin-River Falls. Most of my work for school had been done using DOS - writing programs, dialing up to the university computer, network, analysing lab data, etc. I really loved DOS; I did everything with it. I had a '386 desktop system in my dorm room and an XT laptop that I would carry around with me to do work "on the go". I liked the simplicity that DOS offered. As a DOS user, you have the equivalent of 'root' access on your computer. Anything that you want to do on the PC is possible. Nothing is really stopping you, other than hardware limitations. I found that this additional degree of freedom was nice to have, although since I worked in both environments (UNIX and DOS) I tended to write programs that stuck to "safe areas" that worked on both platforms. DOS was great. But that year, there was an announcement that Microsoft would stop support for DOS, that a new version of Windows was going to be released that completely removed DOS from the picture. Of course, this was Windows 95, and it still did have DOS, but at that time we all had the vision that Microsoft was trying to kill our favorite operating system. Everyone was pretty shocked. We didn't want to be forced to use Windows, which completely removes the command line. In DOS, everything is done on the command line, and a true command line "guru" can do amazing things there. In Windows, you are stuck with the mouse, and if the menus don't let you do something, it pretty much can't be done. So things were looking pretty bleak. We were all very upset about Microsoft's decision to ditch the DOS platform. Then, I saw a discussion thread on the DOS groups asking "hey, why doesn't someone write their own free version of DOS?" Remember, this was about three years after Linus Torvalds announced his work on the Linux kernel, and by 1993 Linux had shown that free software can achieve incredible results. So in 1994, the suggestion that we could write our own free version of DOS, and give it away with the source code so others could work with it and improve it, really didn't sound all that far-fetched. Unfortunately, no one seemed to pick up the ball. The idea sort of sat there, waiting. I didn't have much experience in writing C or Assembly programs (most of my analytical work in physics was limited to FORTRAN) but I had written some C programs. So I sat down one weekend and hacked out code for a bunch of DOS file utilities. I posted what I had done to the DOS newsgroups, and announced that I intended to form a group on the Internet to write our own free version of DOS. I took the opportunity to fix some things. There are some things about what Microsoft did with DOS that do irk me. The biggest is that MS-DOS commands lack options, not that there are lots of MS-DOS commands anyway. I wanted to have more powerful tools than what MS-DOS provided me with. So I hacked some of my own. (I wasn't a strong C programmer at the time, so this wasn't very beautiful code.) There were several "beta" pre-release packages of my stuff: 0.10 - contained a few basic utilities, just to get the easy ones out of the way: clear (like CLS), echo, more, rem, type, ver, wait (like Pause) 0.11 - added date, test (some do-nothing test program), time 0.12 - added choose 0.13 - fixes and some cleanup 0.14 - added tee (like UNIX 'tee') 0.15 - added bgc (sets background color), fgc (sets foreground color), man (like UNIX 'man') ... 1.0 - clear replaced by cls, man replaced by help, wait replaced by pause, bgc and fgc moved into cls. Added del, find, reboot, unix2dos. After I'd written over a dozen utilities that replaced MS-DOS commands, and found some public domain source that implemented other functionality, I realized that you could reproduce what MS-DOS does and make it a free software project. So I decided to go for it. discussion thread on comp.os.msdos.misc, -->PD-DOS was announced to the world on June 28, 1994. To cement my ideas, I created a PD-DOS Manifesto. By July 24, 1994, the name of the project had officially changed to "Free-DOS", though the name actually switched around July 16, 1994 (the revision date on the manifesto). It immediately became a popular idea. Within a few weeks, I had several coders from various parts who contacted me, wanted to take on this or that part of the new Free-DOS. Weeks after that, the number had doubled. Within months, I was contacted by Pat Villani, who had already written a functional DOS kernel called DOS/NT, and who was willing to release it under the GNU GPL for us to use! Tim Norman also started work on his version of the Free-DOS command.com, which is the heart of the DOS command line interface. I think the fact that, early on, we had access to a working DOS kernel and command.com really helped get the Free-DOS project in motion. I can't pinpoint exactly when "Free-DOS" became "FreeDOS," but we have called ourselves "FreeDOS" (without the dash) since sometime in early 1996. The name change has become a bit of a FreeDOS myth: Free-DOS had become so popular, that R+D Books agreed to publish a book about Pat Villani's DOS kernel, entitled The FreeDOS Kernel. Popular belief is that Pat's editor thought the dash wouldn't look right on a book cover, so he dropped it! I stopped using the dash between January 31, 1998 and February 15, 1998. Today, FreeDOS is ideal for anyone who wants to bundle a version of DOS without having to pay a royalty for use of DOS. FreeDOS will also work on old hardware, in DOS emulators, and in embedded systems. FreeDOS is also an invaluable resource for people who would like to develop their own operating system. While there are many free operating systems out there, no other free DOS-compatible operating system exists. DOS will be around for quite some time yet. DOS remains a great environment to work in if you are building an embedded system, for example. The operating system is light, so it will run well in a device that doesn't have a lot of memory. You can burn it into ROM, boot from a floppy, or a small micro-drive. There aren't many operating systems that you can find these days that will boot from a floppy, yet still leave you enough room on the disk for your embedded program and maybe some room for data files. The embedded systems market is one of the markets that will keep DOS alive, at least for several years to come. (Exactly how many years that will be is hard to guess. Yoda: "Always changing is the future."
Look at some of the alternatives that you have today if you want to build a small embedded device: DOS, Windows CE (and there's a reason they call it "wince", or an embedded Linux (ala Elks). Look at it a little more closely, and you'll see that if space becomes an issue for you, DOS is really the only way to go. Linux and Windows both require too much overhead to build an efficient embedded system. Another thing that will keep DOS around, even behind the scenes, is the PC market. A lot of companies that make computer hardware (disk arrays, video cards, controller cards, etc.) use some kind of BIOS. (This is just an example.) Now, the way of the operating system is to make it free, and for more and more operating systems to become available and popular (right now, looking at my friends and people around the office, we use: Windows 95/98, Windows NT, Linux, FreeBSD, FreeDOS.) The hardware manufacturer may not care exactly what operating system you use. After all, they provide hardware, and others may provide the software drivers that make use of it. At some point, you'll need to provide a patch, and the user will need to flash the BIOS on their device. If you are the hardware manufacturer, how do you distribute a flash update to all your users? Will you provide a different update program for every operating system platform that might be using your hardware? In my quick list, I count five different operating systems. Will you create five different versions of your update program, and provide support on all those platforms (remember also that the Windows NT credo is "thou shalt not touch thy hardware"? For a lot of companies, the answer is no. It's a lot simpler if they can give their users a bootable floppy disk that they put into their computer, and the boot floppy automatically flashes the BIOS. Want to help us? First, consider joining the mailing list. If you are a programmer, please also check the software list and see what needs to still be done! 作者: 《电脑爱好 时间: 2004-7-23 00:00
FreeDOS是100%自由的DOS操作系统。FreeDOS 先前即是 "自由的-操作系统" 和本来如 " PD-操作系统 ". 因为稍微跌倒下来记忆小路: 在 1994 年，我在威斯康辛州- 河的秋天大学是物理学学生。 学校的我工作的大部分已经被做使用操作系统 -写作规划,直到大学计算机，网络拨,分析实验室数据, 等等我真的爱操作系统; 我对它做每件事物。 我有一 '" 在活动中 " 的我宿舍房间和一台我和我会在附近携带做工作的 XT 膝上型电脑的 386个桌面系统.
我喜欢操作系统提供的单纯。 身为一个操作系统使用者，你有同等物 '根'在你的计算机上的通路。 你想要在个人计算机上做的任何事是可能的。 无正在真的阻止你,除了硬件限制之外。我发现，这个另外自由的程度是美好有,虽然因为我在两者的环境 (UNIX 和操作系统) 中工作，但是我容易写黏住在两者的月台上的那工作的 " 安全的区域 " 的计画。 操作系统是大师。 但是那年,有一个公告微软会停止对操作系统的支持，一个窗口的新版本正在去被释放来自照片的那个完全离开的操作系统。 当然，这是窗口 95 ，而且它仍然确实有操作系统，但是那时我们全部有了视觉微软正在尝试杀我们的喜欢事物操作系统人。 每个人很漂亮震动。 我们没有想要不得不使用窗口,这完全地除去指令线。 在操作系统中，每件事物在指令线上被做，而且一个真实的指令线 " 印度教的导师 " 能在那里做令人惊异的事物。 在窗口中，你和老鼠被欺骗，而且如果菜单不让你做某事,它非常不能被做。 因此事物正在看起来相当萧瑟。 我们全部非常烦乱有关微软的决定事坠沟中操作系统月台。 然后, 我见到在操作系统团体上的讨论线问 "嗨, 为什么某人不写操作系统的他们自己自由版本吗"? 记得, 这在 Linus Torvalds 宣布了在 Linux 核心上的他工作, 而且藉着 1993 Linux 已经显示免费的软件能达成难以置信的结果大约三年之后。 在 1994 年如此, 提议我们可以写操作系统的我们自己自由版本, 而且以原始码赠送它，如此其它可以与它合作而且改善它, 真的没有听起来所有那牵强的。 不幸地，没有人似乎拾起球。 在那里坐的主意种类,候补。 我没有有很多的经验写 C 或集会计画 (物理学的我分析的工作大部分被限制到互传式译) ，但是我已经写一些 C 计画。 如此我为一束操作系统文件公用程序坐下一个周末而且砍劈出密码。 我刊登了我已经对操作系统新闻讨论组做的, 而且宣布了我想要形成在英特网上的一个团体写操作系统的我们自己自由版本。 我轮流固定一些事物的机会。 有关微软处置的确实使厌倦我的操作系统的事有一些事物。 最大的是 MS-DOS 指令缺乏选项而不是无论如何有许多 MS-DOS 指令。 我想要有比较有力的工具超过什么 MS-DOS 提供我。 因此我砍劈了一些我自己。 (我在那时不是一个强壮的 C 程序师，因此，这不是非常美丽的密码)。 有一些 " 贝它 " 我的东西前释放包裹: 0.10- 包含了一些基本公用程序, 只是把容易的一些赶出方法: 清除 (相似的 CLS), 回声，更多， rem ，类型， ver, 等候 (相似的中止)
0.11- 附加的日期，测试 ( 一些不做事的测试计画), 时间
0.12- 附加的选择
0.13- 固定和一些清除
0.14- 附加的 T字 ( 相似的 UNIX'T字')
0.15- 附加的 bgc(组背景颜色) ， fgc(组前景颜色), 男人 ( 相似的 UNIX'男人')
。。。
1.0- 清楚地藉着 cls ，被帮忙代替的男人代替,被中止， bgc 和 fgc 代替的等候搬进 cls 。 附加的 del,找,重新启动,unix2dos。
在我之后已经在一个代替了 MS-DOS 指令, 而且发现一些公众的领域实现了其他的功能性的来源一打的公用程序之上写,我了解你可以再生 MS-DOS 做的而且使它成为一个免费的软件计画。 因此我决定去拿它。 PD-操作系统 1994 年六月 28 日被告知世界。 为了接合我的主意，我产生了一份 PD- 操作系统的宣言。 在 1994 年七月 24 日之前，计画的名字已经被正式改变到 "自由的-操作系统",虽然名字实际上转变了 1994 年七月 16 日左右。 ( 校订日期在宣言上) 资讯科技立刻变成一个流行的主意。 在几个星期之内，我有了来自各种不同的部份一些成码器，连络了我, 想要承担这或新人的那一个部份释放-操作系统。 数个星期在那之后，数字已经两倍。在数个月内，我被帕特 Villani 连络了,已经写一个被称为操作系统/新台币的功能操作系统核心了, 和谁在角马 GPL 之下愿意释放它让我们使用! 提姆诺曼第人也开始了在他的自由- 操作系统 command.com 的版本上的工作,是操作系统指令的心线接口。 我想事实,稍早，我们真的有了接触工作操作系统核心和 command.com 帮助有运动的自由- 操作系统计画。 我完全地不能精确地找见当 "自由的-操作系统 " 变成 " FreeDOS",但是我们在早的 1996 自从某一个时间以后已经称我们自己为 " FreeDOS" 。 名字变化已经变得一点一个 FreeDOS 神话:自由的-操作系统已经变得如此流行, R+D 书同意出版关于帕特 Villani's 的操作系统核心的一本书,给 FreeDOS 核心权力。 一般的信念是帕特的编者认为冲撞不在书掩护上看起来正确，因此，他降低了它! 我在 1998 年一月 31 日和 1998 年二月 15 日之间停止使用冲撞。 今天， FreeDOS 对想要到捆没有必须为操作系统的使用支付皇室的一个操作系统的版本任何人是理想的。 在操作系统竞争者中 FreeDOS 也将会处理旧的硬件, 和在植入的系统中。 FreeDOS 也是想要发展他们自己的操作系统的人无价的资源。那里是许多自由地向那边操作系统,没有其他的自由操作系统-可并立的操作系统存在。 操作系统将会是在达相当数时间仍然周围。 操作系统保持很棒的环境工作在如果你正在建筑一个植入的系统, 举例来说。 操作系统是光，因此，它将会在一个没有许多记忆的装置中跑得好。 你能燃烧它进 ROM 之内,从叭塌叭塌响 , 或一个小的微踢-驾车。 没有你每天能找这些那的许多操作系统将会对于数据文件从叭塌叭塌响踢, 然而仍然为你的植入计画和也许离开你在磁盘片上的充足房间一些房间。 植入的系统市场是将会使操作系统保持有活力的市场之一, 至少好几年受到的影响。 (完全地将会是的许多年如何是困难猜测。 Yoda: " 总是变更是未来".)如果你想要建立一个小的植入装置，看你今天有的一些替代选择: 操作系统，窗口 CE( 而且有他们认为它是 " 畏缩 " 的一个理由), 或植入的 Linux(ala 麋鹿). 更接近看它一点点，而且你将会见到，如果空间为你变成一个议题,操作系统真的是唯一的方法去。 Linux 和窗口两者都需要太更加在头顶上而无法建立一个有效率的植入系统。 将会把操作系统留在附近的另外一件事物，甚至在幕后，是个人计算机市场。 使计算机硬件 ( 磁盘排列系统, 录象机卡片, 控制器卡片,等等) 使用某种基本输出入系统的许多公司。 (这只是一个例子)。 现在，操作系统的方法是使它自由, 和为越来越多的操作系统变成可得的和流行 (立刻 ,在办公室的周围看我的朋友和人,我们使用: 窗口 95/98 ，窗口新台币， Linux ， FreeBSD ， FreeDOS.) 硬件制造业者完全地不可能关心什么操作你使用的系统。 在所有的之后,他们提供硬件，而且其它可能提供利用它的软件驾驶员。 在一些点，你将会需要提供片，而且使用者将会需要闪现在他们的装置上的基本输出入系统。 如果你是硬件制造业者,你如何对你所有的使用者分配闪光更新? 你将会提供不同的更新计画给每一操作可能使用你的硬件系统月台吗? 在我的快目录中，我计算五个不同的操作系统。 你将会产生你的更新计画的五个不同版本, 而且为所有的那些月台提供支持吗?( 也记得窗口新台币教义是 "你不将碰触你的硬件"
对于许多公司，答案是号码资讯科技是很多比较简单的如果他们能给他们的使用者一个可踢的盘片，他们进入他们的计算机之内放, 和长靴叭塌叭塌响的自动地闪现基本输出入系统。 需要帮助我们? 首先,考虑参加邮寄目录。 如果你是程序师, 也请检查软件目录而且见到需要安静的东西被做!作者: LanE 时间: 2004-7-23 00:00
debian并不就是linux，只是它现在使用linux作为内核而已，事实上，debian也有使用hurd作为核心的打算至于DOS是不是UNIX，这不是个问题，因为UNIX几乎影响了所有的操作系统，所以就算说DOS是一种UNIX，也不是完全没有道理更何况，GNU并不是什么UNIX的标准，所以说学习GNU精神和DOS是不是UNIX并没有什么关系。还有楼主翻译的英文文章，我觉得还是原文好懂一些，或者是我的中文水平太差？
作者: Wengier 时间: 2004-7-24 00:00
GNU Hurd才是FSF（自由软件基金会）正在开发中的标准类Unix内核，而不是Linux或别的。Linux等说白了就只是一个内核而已，真正的应用程序包括X-Window GUI在内的程序都是以前早就有的多平台程序了。等GNU Hurd开发完毕后将内核换成GNU Hurd或其它内核也是很容易的事。
作者: 《电脑爱好 时间: 2004-7-24 00:00
其实Wengier可以考虑制作一个全新内核的OS，如果没有精力，可以像别人的ORG一样，开一个TELNET，让全世界的编程爱好者一起帮你做，因为做发行版太简单了！！！！！！！！！！
作者: beastie 时间: 2004-7-24 00:00
既然大多数操作系统都受UNIX操作系统的影响，包括这里人们热爱的DOS，那么我们这个论坛就改学UNIX吧。
作者: 《电脑爱好 时间: 2004-7-24 00:00
楼上说了对！！！！！！！！！！！