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DOS 历史简介
使用 LLM 解释/回答一下
DOS是英文Disk Operating System的缩写，意思是“磁盘操作系统”。DOS是个人计算机上的一类操作系统。从1981年直到1995年的15年间，DOS在IBM PC 兼容机市场中占有举足轻重的地位。而且，若是把部份以DOS为基础的Microsoft Windows版本，如Windows 95、98和Me等都算进去的话，那么其商业寿命至少可以算到2000年。
最基本的DOS系统，由一个基于MBR[1]的BOOT引导程序和三个文件模块组成。这三个模块是：输入输出模块(IO.SYS)、文件管理模块(MSDOS.SYS)及命令解释模块(COMMAND.COM)。[2]除此之外，微软还在零售的DOS系统包中加入了若干标准的外部程序(即外部命令)，这才与内部命令(即由COMMAND.COM解释执行的命令)一同构建起一个在磁盘操作时代相对完备的人机交互环境。有关DOS的各种命令，请参见DOS命令列表。
DOS1.0 微软买下 86-DOS（QDOS）版权，1981年7月，成为 IBM PC上 第一个作业系统。同时微软又为IBM PC开发专用版本 PC-DOS，但与泛用版本DOS相比，除了系统档名以及部份针对 IBM 机器设计的核心，外部命令与公用程式之外，其余程式码其实差异不大。
DOS 1.25 1982年6月，支援双面 软盘并开始修改错误
DOS2.0 1983年3月，加入UNIX式的树状档案系统与及硬盘支援，以低阶的观点视之，这是第一次的 DOS 重大改版。这个版本除了相容于 CP/M 的 FCB 档案系统之外，正式采用了 FAT 格式，并大量使用具有 UNIX 特征的 Handle 式档案操作方式。
DOS 2.11 1984年3月，为主要的OEM版本，修正了2.01版的错误，增加了对非英语语言及其文件格式的国际性支援
MS-DOS 2.25 1985年10月，支援额外扩充的字符组（日文与韩文），还修正了旧版的错误
MS-DOS 3.0 1984年8月，引入PC/AT，它能支援1.2MB的软盘，并加入较高容量的硬盘
MS-DOS 3.1 1984年11月，加入对微软网络支援
MS-DOS 3.2 1986年1月，加入了3.5吋软盘的强化支援，并开始可以透过驱动程式使用硬件 EMS。台湾的宏碁电脑在资策会与公会的支持下，与微软在DOS3.2 的基础上开发了符合 CMEX 标准的全中文
MS-DOS 3.3 1987年8月，修正部份内部错误、增加了许多关于档案处理的外部命令、开始支援软盘之后，DOS3.3 成为当时最稳定、畅销的版本，可以说是DOS第二次的重大改版，一年后发行的4.0甚至还不如3.3普及。内部的 BASIC 直译器在 3.x之后逐渐由 BASICA 改为增强绘图能力的 GW-BASIC。此际倚天公司在前几版本的 BASICA 基础上开发了支援中文绘图模式的 ETBASIC，几乎成为当时台湾地区学习 BASIC 语言的标准配备。外部命令部分最重要的则是增加了 XCOPY 与 APPEND，增强了早就该有的档案管理能力。
MS-DOS 4.0 1988年6月，主要基于IBM的代码库，而不是微软自己的代码库。加入了最大2GB容量硬盘机支援，引入 EMM（软件模拟 EMS）以及新规格 XMS 内存技术，令DOS操作系统可以使用1MB以上的内存。开始有 DOSSHELL 的使用。DOSSHELL 可以被视为 DOS的GUI 界面，并有切换程式作业的能力。
MS-DOS 4.01 1988年12月，对于旧版所存在的一系列错误进行修正
MS-DOS 5.0 1991年6月，第三次重大改版，可能也是DOS史上最重要的改版。这个版本继承 4.0 对于内存管理的改进，是 EMM 规格最为稳定、普及的版本，也加入了许多内存管理的程式，如 EMM386、MEM 等等，为的就是与 Windows 好好搭配，连带也使得DOS 内存管理成为当时许多软件亟欲配合增强的方向，如何设定DOS内存配置成为热门话题。BASIC 直译器改为 QuickBASIC 的简易版本 QBASIC，内建文字编辑器则由原来的行编辑 EDLIN 改为全屏幕编辑的 EDIT（其实只是对 QBASIC.EXE 多下一道参数而已）。减少外部命令对于版本的需求，而在千呼万唤中，终于加入 DOSKEY、UNDELETE、Quick Format、UNFORMAT 等能力。另一个值得一提的是，这个版本的 CONFIG.SYS 允许有多重选项。
MS-DOS 6.0 1993年3月，加入了许多花俏的外部命令。系统检测程式 MSD 被加入。DoubleSpace 压缩磁盘技术开始被使用，亦开始附上微软自家的解毒软件 VSAFE 以及 MSAV。网络方面开始加入对 LL5 传输线的支援。对于磁盘，开始加入磁区整理软件 DEFRAG以及磁盘快取程式 SMARTDRV。档案管理方面，以豪华的 MSBACKUP 取代了阳春的 BACKUP，另外，终于加入了 DELTREE 与 MOVE 公用程式。开始正式支援光驱。内存管理方面则加入了 MEMMAKER 组态最佳化程式。
MS-DOS 6.2 1993年11月，DoubleSpace 更名为 DrvSpace。
MS-DOS 6.21 1994年2月
MS-DOS 6.22 1994年6月，最后一个销售版本。国乔（KC）取得微软与IBM授权，搭配国乔中文系统发表自己的 DOS 7.0。
MS-DOS 7.0 1995年8月，Windows 95 所带的版本，支持长文件名。
MS-DOS 7.1 1996年8月，加入对大硬盘和FAT32分区的支持等。
MS-DOS 8.0 2000年9月，DOS的最后一个版本，取消了部分功能，例如不再支持SYS命令、打印机操作。
DOS家族包括MS-DOS、PC-DOS、DR-DOS、FreeDOS、PTS-DOS、ROM-DOS、JM-OS等，其中以MS-DOS最为著名。虽然这些系统常被简称为"DOS"，但没有任何一个系统单纯以"DOS"命名（只有一个毫无关连的1960年代IBM 大型主机操作系统以此命名）。此外，有几个和DOS无关、在非x86的微计算机系统上运行的磁盘操作系统在名称中也有 "DOS" 字眼，而且在专门讨论该机器的场合中也会简称为"DOS"（例如：AmigaDOS、AMSDOS、ANDOS、Apple DOS、Atari DOS、Commodore DOS、CSI-DOS、ProDOS、 TRS-DOS 等），但这些系统和DOS运行档以及MS-DOS API并不兼容
DOS is the abbreviation of English Disk Operating System, meaning "Disk Operating System". DOS is a type of operating system on personal computers. From 1981 to 1995, a period of 15 years, DOS held a pivotal position in the IBM PC compatible machine market. Moreover, if some Microsoft Windows versions based on DOS, such as Windows 95, 98, and Me, are included, then its commercial lifespan can be counted until at least 2000.
The most basic DOS system consists of a BOOT boot program based on MBR and three file modules. These three modules are: the input/output module (IO.SYS), the file management module (MSDOS.SYS), and the command interpretation module (COMMAND.COM). In addition, Microsoft added several standard external programs (i.e., external commands) to the retail DOS system package, which together with the internal commands (i.e., commands interpreted and executed by COMMAND.COM) constructed a relatively complete man-machine interaction environment in the disk operation era. For various commands related to DOS, please refer to the DOS command list.
DOS 1.0 Microsoft bought the copyright of 86-DOS (QDOS) and in July 1981 became the first operating system on the IBM PC. At the same time, Microsoft developed a dedicated version PC-DOS for the IBM PC, but compared with the general-purpose version DOS, except for the system file names and some cores designed for IBM machines, external commands and utilities, the rest of the code is actually not much different.
DOS 1.25 In June 1982, it supported double-sided floppy disks and started to correct errors.
DOS 2.0 In March 1983, it added the UNIX-style tree file system and hard disk support. From a low-level perspective, this was the first major revision of DOS. In addition to being compatible with the CP/M FCB file system, this version officially adopted the FAT format and extensively used the handle-style file operation method with UNIX characteristics.
DOS 2.11 In March 1984, it was the main OEM version, corrected the errors of version 2.01, and added international support for non-English languages and their file formats.
MS-DOS 2.25 In October 1985, it supported additional expanded character sets (Japanese and Korean) and also corrected errors in the old version.
MS-DOS 3.0 In August 1984, it introduced the PC/AT, which could support 1.2MB floppy disks and added higher-capacity hard disks.
MS-DOS 3.1 In November 1984, it added support for Microsoft Network.
MS-DOS 3.2 In January 1986, it added enhanced support for 3.5-inch floppy disks and started to be able to use hardware EMS through drivers. Acer in Taiwan, with the support of the Institute for Information Industry and the guild, developed a full Chinese version in line with the CMEX standard based on DOS 3.2.
MS-DOS 3.3 In August 1987, it corrected some internal errors, added many external commands related to file processing, and started to support floppy disks. After that, DOS 3.3 became the most stable and best-selling version at that time, which can be said to be the second major revision of DOS. The 4.0 released a year later was not as popular as 3.3. The internal BASIC interpreter gradually changed from BASICA to GW-BASIC with enhanced drawing capabilities after 3.x. At this time, Yitian Company developed ETBASIC that supported the Chinese drawing mode based on the previous versions of BASICA, which almost became the standard equipment for learning the BASIC language in Taiwan at that time. The most important part of the external commands is the addition of XCOPY and APPEND, which enhanced the long-overdue file management capabilities.
MS-DOS 4.0 In June 1988, it was mainly based on IBM's code base, not Microsoft's own code base. It added support for hard disk drives with a maximum capacity of 2GB, introduced EMM (software simulation of EMS) and the new specification XMS memory technology, allowing the DOS operating system to use memory above 1MB. The use of DOSSHELL began. DOSSHELL can be regarded as a GUI interface of DOS and has the ability to switch program operations.
MS-DOS 4.01 In December 1988, it corrected a series of errors existing in the old version.
MS-DOS 5.0 In June 1991, it was the third major revision, and possibly the most important revision in the history of DOS. This version inherited the improvements in memory management of 4.0. It was the most stable and popular version of the EMM specification, and also added many memory management programs such as EMM386, MEM, etc., in order to cooperate well with Windows. As a result, DOS memory management became a direction that many software at that time urgently wanted to cooperate and enhance. How to set the DOS memory configuration became a hot topic. The BASIC interpreter was changed to the simple version QBASIC of QuickBASIC, and the built-in text editor was changed from the line editor EDLIN to the full-screen editor EDIT (actually just adding another parameter to QBASIC.EXE). It reduced the version requirements for external commands, and finally, after much anticipation, it added capabilities such as DOSKEY, UNDELETE, Quick Format, UNFORMAT, etc. Another thing worth mentioning is that the CONFIG.SYS of this version allows multiple options.
MS-DOS 6.0 In March 1993, it added many fancy external commands. The system detection program MSD was added. The DoubleSpace disk compression technology began to be used, and Microsoft's own virus解毒 software VSAFE and MSAV also started to be attached. In terms of network, it began to add support for LL5 transmission lines. For disks, it began to add the disk defragmentation software DEFRAG and the disk cache program SMARTDRV. In terms of file management, the luxurious MSBACKUP replaced the simple BACKUP. In addition, the DELTREE and MOVE utilities were finally added. It formally supported optical drives. In terms of memory management, the MEMMAKER configuration optimization program was added.
MS-DOS 6.2 In November 1993, DoubleSpace was renamed DrvSpace.
MS-DOS 6.21 In February 1994.
MS-DOS 6.22 In June 1994, it was the last sales version. Guoqiao (KC) obtained the authorization from Microsoft and IBM and released its own DOS 7.0 in combination with the Guoqiao Chinese system.
MS-DOS 7.0 In August 1995, the version brought by Windows 95, which supports long file names.
MS-DOS 7.1 In August 1996, it added support for large hard disks and FAT32 partitions, etc.
MS-DOS 8.0 In September 2000, it was the last version of DOS, canceling some functions, such as no longer supporting the SYS command and printer operations.
The DOS family includes MS-DOS, PC-DOS, DR-DOS, FreeDOS, PTS-DOS, ROM-DOS, JM-OS, etc., among which MS-DOS is the most famous. Although these systems are often simply referred to as "DOS", no system is simply named "DOS" (only an irrelevant mainframe operating system of IBM in the 1960s is named this). In addition, there are several disk operating systems unrelated to DOS that run on non-x86 microcomputer systems and also have "DOS" in their names, and they are also simply referred to as "DOS" in the occasions dedicated to discussing that machine (for example: AmigaDOS, AMSDOS, ANDOS, Apple DOS, Atari DOS, Commodore DOS, CSI-DOS, ProDOS, TRS-DOS, etc.), but these systems are not compatible with DOS executable files and MS-DOS API.
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